Rates of Reactions Essay

Apparatus: 4 beakers (250 ml), 4 test tubes (18 mm x 150 mm), centigram balance, test tube rack, measuring cylinder (25 ml), marking pen, stop watch, thermometer, water and ice cubes, top pan balance, hot plate, power source, safety goggles, a lab coat, 3.0 molar hydrochloric acid and uniform size of marble chips. METHOD: 1. Label four 250 ml beakers A, B, C & D. 2. Pour150 ml of water into beakers A, B and C only. In this experiment, these beakers will be used as water baths and for this reason, place a thermometer in each of these beakers to check the water bath temperature. Beaker D is to remain empty until step 9. 3. Put a test tube containing 10ml of 3.0 molar of hydrochloric acid into each of the beakers (A, B and C) partly filled with water. 4. Place the beakers (B and C) containing the test tubes on an electrical hot plate, switch on the power and place a thermometer into each of the four test tubes. 5. Read each thermometer until the water in beaker B reaches 37Â ºC and the water in beaker C reaches 100Â ºC (i.e. when the water boils). At these points, remove the beakers from the hot plate and switch off the power. 6. Wait a few minutes and check the thermometers until the test tube temperatures are constant, and similar to the temperature of the water bath. 7. Add 0.25 g of weighed marble chips to beaker B (37Â ºC), and time the period of reaction between the marble chips and the hydrochloric acid with a stopwatch. When all the marble chips have fully dissolved and the reaction ceased, stop the stopwatch and note down the time taken for the reaction. 8. Write down these results into the results table and repeat this process for beaker C (at 100Â ºC) and beaker A (at room temperature – approximately 20Â ºC). 9. Finally with beaker D, place a thermometer in this beaker to provide a temperature check and then add 150 ml of crushed ice to act as a constant temperature ice bath. Again, wait a few minutes and check the thermometers until the test tube temperatures are constant and similar to the temperature of the ice in the beaker (I.e. 0Â ºC). Add 0.25g of weighed marble chips. Then finally use the stopwatch to time how long it takes for the marble chips to dissolve in the hydrochloric acid and write down the results. 10. Clean up used materials and wash hands thoroughly. VARIABLES: Independent Variables: Temperature. Dependent Variables: The reaction time. CONTROLS: The standard 10 ml volume of 3.0 molar hydrochloric acid in each test tube, the mass, uniform size and surface area of the five marble chips placed into each acid, constant temperature measurement using a thermometer for each beaker and test tube (I.e. A: 20Â ºC, B: 37Â ºC, C: 100Â ºC and D: 0Â ºC) and time observation using a stopwatch to measure the duration of reaction time of acid on the marble chips. RESULTS: This table clearly shows that the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction rate. In these experiments, I used five marble chips for each test tube to ensure consistency and therefore production of carbon dioxide. CONCLUSION: This experiment showed that the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction rate and thereby, the faster the production of carbon dioxide from hydrochloric acid acting on marble chips. EVALUATION: My results table above successfully proved that the temperature had a large effect on the rates of reaction and showed that the higher the temperature, the faster the rate of reaction. The rates of chemical reaction increases with temperature, This is because when the temperature is increased, the particles in the solution have more energy and therefore collide more often during a certain period of time. These colliding particles will have activation energy resulting in more successful collisions between particles, the cause of reaction. As shown on my graph, the rate of reaction approximately doubles each time the temperature is increased by 10Â ºC. With regard to sources of error, some time was taken to press the stopwatch when the marble chips had thoroughly dissolved. This would have altered the length of reaction time a little bit and therefore alter the rate of reaction results. At first, I weighed one marble chip and multiplied it by 5 to get the mass of five marble chips. As this would have made my results inaccurate, I weighed the five marble chips all together to get the exact mass of 0.25g.

Beowulf and The 13th Warrior Essay

Beowulf and the 13th Warrior, both are very good stories, one legibly and the other visually (unless you go to the roots of the 13th Warrior and read Eaters of the Dead). Although it is pretty obvious to anyone who has read Beowulf that the 13th Warrior was based on this great epic, there are still several differences that make for an interesting twist or two. While the two stories are very much alike in several ways, they are also very different. One of the key differences that the reader/viewer notices right off is that the story of Beowulf is being told exclusively about  Beowulf and his antics†¦ almost in a third person view. The 13th warrior, on the other hand, is being told by a  participant (Antonio Banderas who plays Ahmed Ibn Fahdlan) in the action about the symbolic Beowulf character.  Antonio Banderas or Ahmed Ibn Fadlan, is an Arabian ambassador from Baghdad whose whole purpose in going is to  interact with and learn as much as he can about the â€Å"odd† and â€Å"uncultured† ways of the Vikings. Although he starts out pretty upset, almost horrified, about how the Northmen carry on with their barbaric customs and almost complete lack of hygiene of almost any sort. The reason that Antonio Banderas’s character is even part of the story is that the Vikings’ leader, Buliwyf, needs a 13th ma n that cannot be a northman to be included in his posse of adventurers. The goal of the adventurers is to report to an aging â€Å"King Hrothgar† and help him to protect his people from a tribe of savages (you almost think that they as well are â€Å"supernatural† because there are never any of their dead left after battle and they are continually riding around in  bear skins that give them a positively frightening appearance in the mist and  at night) that are causing an  incredible amount of terror (I’d be pretty scared too if I walked into a friend’s cabin and him and his family were cut up into pieces) and completely destroying the population; Grendel is the embodiment of all of the savages, while his only having himself, he so terribly lessened the population and established such a reputation, that he successfully made king Hrothgar move out of his prized mead hall. While there are several similarities in the stories, one very important detail to notice is the parallel between Mr. Buliwyf and Beowulf (both of them are leaders of soldiers and they both rush to the aid of a troubled king whose kingdom is in danger). On top of, both of these leaders of men make it their mission to go and kill the â€Å"mother† (â€Å"mother† of the savages and Grendel’s mother). In Beowulf, the hero actually fought and killed Grendel (â€Å"eaters of the dead† leader and savages combined) first and then when his mother (â€Å"mother† of the â€Å"eaters of the dead†) came and took away his body to her home in the lake, Beowulf followed and then killed her as well†¦ but I suppose the order doesn’t really matter. Another issue to notice is the parallel in â€Å"supernatural† happenings and traits in the two stories. In Beowulf, he had supernatural strength, there was no one and nothing in the world that was strong than he was (he tore Grendel apart†¦ literally, and Grendel was a demon which I imagine is no easy feat). The parallel to that in The 13th Warrior was how even after Buliwyf was poisoned just before he cut off the â€Å"mother’s† head, he still was able to fight through the poisonous haze and muster the strength (even though everyone thought he was pretty much  dead in the town hall) when the time came, and fight off the vengeance being sought by the â€Å"eaters of the dead† for killing their â€Å"mother.† After he dispatched with a couple of savages, he swings his sword at the leader and doesn’t just hit him and knock him off (he’s wearing chest armor so the sword doesn’t cut him in half), he has enough strength not only to try and knock the leader off his horse, but makes him fly off about 10 feet in the opposite direction that he was originally trying to go to get to Buliwyf. The comparison of the way that the fighting men in each of the stories look at fighting is also interesting. In both stories, pride and boasting and â€Å"manliness† plays a very important role in the way things are done. Whether  you fight or not seems to directly impact whether you are a â€Å"man† or not. The warrior code is an imperative part of any good epic, or war story in general†¦ there has to be a â€Å"good† guy that, no matter how bad what he does is, follows some sort of honor code, that is an integral part of a good story. Another very obvious difference is that in the 13th Warrior, Mr. Ahmed Ibn Fahdlan is not the main character of  the story, whereas in Beowulf, Beowulf is obviously the one the story is about. As the viewer watches the 13th Warrior, they will notice that Antonio Banderas serves as the focal point/narrator of the film, even though the story is  not about him. This fact becomes painfully obvious towards the end of the movie, just before the climactic battle, where the main character (the one that is symbolic of Beowulf), Buliwyf, indirectly asks Antonio to write down the story (Mr. Banderas actually seems to offer to copy it down so that their story is not forgotten) and Ahmed Ibn Fahdlan says it will be done (you get the feeling it’s almost a â€Å"get well† gift because Buliwyf is going to die from poison). So, despite not being the main character, he plays a very important role†¦ not only in the copying down of the story but also because he is the reason they were able to put down the savages. One very obvious difference (not sure what the directors were thinking) was that there was sort of a  miniature love story sort of randomly thrown into The 13th Warrior. There really seems to be no point to it, it really has nothing to do at all with the main point of the movie†¦ possibly it was a weak attempt to attract a female  crowd (despite the gore) by claiming that it was, in part, a love story. Overall, it causes one to get distracted  from the point†¦ and it just creates more questions then it answers. While one story is obviously a remake of the other, they still have their own, very acute, differences. And while the 13th Warrior doesn’t nearly come close to being as good of a story as it could have, and there are still several parallels with Beowulf that mad it enjoyable (obviously aside from the action which would make it enjoyable anyway).

17th Century English Theater

This paper discusses playhouses and theaters in England in the 17th century. The paper shows that the English stage during the late 17th century was a time of rebuilding, and also a time of creation. There were many different ideas on what theater should be and it was very common for one person to have an idea, and as soon as it was known, opposing ideas were quickly published, followed by various defenses of the original idea. The paper discusses several people who were well known for their opinions from that time period, including Jeremy Collier, John Dryden, Alexander Pope, William Congreve and William Stubbs. When the Stuart Dynasty returned to the throne of England in 1660, the playhouses were reopened. In August, Charles II issued patents for two companies of players, and performances immediately began. However, theater had evolved a bit. The Royalty and the Nobility, as well as a few independent companies now owned theatrical troupes. Often the ones that had permanent theaters such as Convent Garden, Drury Lane and Dorset Garden had Noble backers to provide for the upkeep. Costumes were often second hand garments that the nobility no longer desired. Slowly the better-kept theaters became places to see and be seen. Often what was going on in the auditorium was just as much, or more interesting then what was on stage. The style of the play writing was of a lesser form then that of the Elizabethan plays. It frequently utilized stereotypes and stock characters.

Discuss the significance of cycle time to quality Essay

Discuss the significance of cycle time to quality - Essay Example This involves move time, wait time, processing time, execution time, inspection time and only the first which creates value. The result of cycle time increase comes along attributed to poor quality in the component parts, poor layout plan, and inadequate availability of resources and finally poor sequencing of activities. It is notable that there exist relationship between cycle time and quality of a process or a product. This relationship is focused in the context of management on customer process and the key major area of concern is to reduce cycle time to achieve good quality. From this companies and organizations achieve competitive advantage by reducing cycle time which maintaining high quality (Evans, 2010). Scope and overview of cycle time and quality It is notable that in competitive corporate markets there is increasing demand for more rapid response to clients and customers, shorter product and service and its cycle time. The fast response attributed to shorter cycle time i s one of core quality attribute. Reducing the cycle times and rapid response to customers usually results when processes, tasks, functions and job whereby all are designed to achieve high quality as well as response goals. To achieve the desired quality all the designs, activities, processes measuring the cycle time and responsiveness (Roman Gumzej, 2010). Response and cycle time improvements have been highly associated to improvements in quality which is a core component of gaining competitive advantage as well as improved productivity. Therefore it can be argued that managers need to consider response time, productivity and quality in all their strategic plans. Cycle time and quality Cycle time one of the core competitiveness factors in the context of quality that is mainly focused for improvement. It is notable that fast and reduced cycle time improves customer satisfaction as well as the internal management operations of a company or organization. Cycle time improvement is a cor e aspect of total quality management and the core major relationship is that a fast cycle time and improves quality mutually reinforces one another. In regard to customer satisfaction these include cost ownership, quality product features and on-time delivery. For internal management operations of an organization includes quality improvement in regard to time-to-market on products, improving product costs, employee morale and development expense (Roman Gumzej, 2010). Other competitive factors taken into account cycle time improvement are among those who are highly emphasized. It is notable that improving cycle time increases product and service quality. This brings in the assertion that faster cycle time and improved product and service quality are mutually reinforcing each other. This is attributed to the fact that faster and reduced cycle time reinforced with improved feedback loop for quality. This mainly results into a fast rate of service and product quality improvement. On the other hand higher quality usually improves the cycle time because less effort is used in executing work. Cycle time and quality improvement The cycle-time improvement factors should be consistent with the total quality guidance and procedures. These guidelines and procedures consist of various cycle time reduction tools. In the context of production and manufacturing industry, just-in-time strategy and simultaneous execution of operations is adopted. These

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Final - Essay Example When studying the position of Abraham Lincoln on slavery, and the reasons and effects of his Emancipation Proclamation, therefore, it is important to take into consideration these control measures and to lay a background to the nature of events occurring at that time. The crux of the matter lies in the American Civil War that single-handedly spearheaded the antislavery movement and resulted in the Emancipation Proclamation. It was a contention between the northern free states and the bordering slave states known as the United States of America or the Union (Wikipedia 2008), and the southern states known as the Confederate States of America, where slavery was well established, hence, also known as the slave states. The southern states were led by Jefferson Davis, and the Union was led by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party (Wikipedia 2008). His one quote can fully illuminate Lincoln’s position regarding slavery before the Civil War, when he said "My paramount object in this struggle, is to save the Union and it is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it..." (Race, Racism and the Law 1998). Lincoln was a man of law, and upholding the Constitution was paramount to him in all matters of politics. He would not, or rather, could not, take any steps that went beyond the parameters of the Constitution. So when it came to freeing the slaves, he was just as much concerned about the issue as was permitted by the red tapes of law, and which was crucial for the survival of the Union. Abraham Lincoln was always against slavery, and always expressed his views against it on moral grounds (Slavery

Women in the Ancient Mediterranean Research Paper

Women in the Ancient Mediterranean - Research Paper Example Implicit within the patriarchal ideology was the perception that those outside the hegemonic male were losers and inferior to males. The paper explores the status and role of women in ancient Mediterranean. A review of women’s agency in ancient civilizations such as Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Rome demonstrates the social, political, and cultural factors that propelled female empowerment. In addition to the powerful images of goddesses and women’s roles within the religious sphere, women’s activities manifested within other social realms including economic, health, war, poetry, governance, and philosophy (Rutland 16). Largely, the sphere of religious practice can be regarded as an opportunity for exceptional women to attain their own value within a culture that concisely defined feminine roles as subservient to masculine models. Hence, historians highlight the Minoan civilization that appeared to manifest several of female deities backing the assumption that women in Knossos benefited from religious gender democratization. In most cases, only exceptional women who are atypical of the mainstream impacted on the politics of the day, mainly through their husbands as was the case of Olympias (Alexander the Great mother). This observation also applies to Cleopatra VII, who was the final Pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty. This was also true of the egalitarian early Christian church that largely relegated women to the home to serve their husbands (Walcot 163). Discussion In ancient Mediterranean, women ranked along property rather than separate legal persona. As a result, the control of women remained a male prerogative; hence, adultery or rape remained sins against the male members of the family (husband, father, and brothers), and only incidentally against the victim (woman). This is well captured in the book of Deuteronomy (22:25-8), whereby if a married woman is raped within the confines of the city and is not heard to cry out, the ordeal i s not considered rape but adultery, and as such, should be castigated accordingly. In the ancient Mediterranean, prostitutes were depicted as dangerous, capable of stripping men their virtue (at worse their masculinity) since they were not within the confines of a dominant male. Women came out as irrational, prone to hysteria, and sex-obsessed. Women, especially virgins formed a section of the limited good of the society as limited resources to be pursued and acquired by men of prestige, power, and wealth. Men epitomized status and honor while women epitomized decorum and purity and lack of these meant the presence of shame. The social stigma heightened the powerlessness of the woman (Walcot 163). For instance, upon registration, a prostitute lost her healthy liberties as a citizen and listed for life and marriage or motherhood could not eliminate her name from the list. This highlights that a prostitutes occupation was the core determinant of her entire life-style and the stigma as sociated with the occupation could not be eliminated. There is ample literature on the social structures of honor and shame and how they affected women within Mediterranean antiquity. Honor and shame acted as coordinates in an intricate matrix of other societal factors such as kinship, economic control, social networking, and social hierarchy. The honor code derived from gender roles linked to sex, whereby honor can be ascribed to men while shame to women. In this model, the honor of the family resides in its women (women embody the possibility for shame via their sexual conduct); however, men carry the responsibility for protecting women (considered as the â€Å"

Area studies India Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Area studies India - Research Paper Example He was more than a mere political figure head; he was an ideological mind and individual. He did not focus his policies and doctrines on one single facet; rather he confronted the obstacles on multiple grounds which included the humane aspect. He advocated the general rights of mankind regardless of their tribe, color, race, religion and other associated ethnic affiliations. Mahatma Gandhi was the man behind the establishment of the Hindus representative party Congress. Mahatma Gandhi went on to become the founder father of India. He was also known as Bapu and he has been honored as the founder of the nation in the modern times of India (Woolever, p 15). His struggle stretches to the early days of the 20th century where he fought against the British rule on multiple grounds. His civil disobedience movement was one other world famous move and movement based on which he engaged the masses against the British ruling junta and asked for the clearly defined rights of the people of India. Mahatma Gandhi, unlike the other Muslim leaders demanded and desired a unified India on the exit of Great Britain. He along with his contemporaries from the era and time of pre partition called the action and demand of Muslims as an unjust. Owing to his contributions 2nd October is marked as the Gandhi Day in India. Subash Chandra Bose is another central figure who contributed largely to the political cause of Indian independence. He grew up in the shadow of the likes of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru and other leads of those times. He went on to gain progress and recognition in times ahead in the form of becoming the prominent leader of Indian National Congress. Subhash Chandra Bose was also associated with the Indian politics in the post independence scenario where his role was relatively subjective and debated in terms of the policies and mindset he maintained and how the global affairs unfolded in those days afterwards. The

Twisted by Laurie Halse Anderson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Twisted by Laurie Halse Anderson - Essay Example The protagonist Tyler Miller has a hard life. His father works all day long and he is not the kind, understanding father his children would have wanted him to be. He has to face a lot of pressure at work and that is what makes him take his frustration out on his family by being intimidating and controlling. Tyler’s mother who is a pet photographer, cake baker, and a genuinely nice woman makes every attempt she can to keep her family together but her attempts fail and with every day that goes by she becomes more depressed. Hannah is Tyler’s younger sister who is just starting high school and whom he completely adores. His only friend in school is Calvin â€Å"Yoda† Hodge who later becomes the love interest of Tyler’s younger sister. He is in every way an average guy with an average dysfunctional family. Tyler is sick and tired of being a nobody in his high school and at the end of his junior year he decides to change that by doing the â€Å"Foul Deed† which involved doing graffiti on school walls. But things don’t go exactly as he planned and he gets caught. He is ordered to do community service all summer by helping janitors in his school. He also has to pay for the damages so he has to sell his car and take a landscaping job for the summer. After this incident Tyler develops a reputation as the trouble maker and due to his hard job he also develops the physique which in turn makes him more attractive to his secret crush, the sister of his main tormentor who also happens to be the daughter of his father’s boss, Bethany Milbury.... Initially he is happy that he is invited to enjoy along with the popular crowd of the school but after the party where Tyler’s love interest Beth, her brother Chip and his friends get drunk and Tyler is left driving them home, he is accused of doing some unspeakable stuff to Beth. Being rich, Beth’s family is easily able to take a lot of steps to punish Tyler for the crime he has not even committed. He is not only tormented by his peers at school but he is also distressed when his father treats him like a criminal. This is a great book for several reasons. Firstly Laurie Halse Anderson did an exceptional job portraying the average youth. Tyler’s narration is heartbreaking, honest and funny. What makes Tyler such a remarkable character is that he is by no means perfect. He has been an outcast nerd his whole school life and he lacks the courage to stand up against his tyrant of a father. He also doesn’t have the determination required to be able to take char ge of his life and change things for the better. Tyler loves his mother and sister and he is enraged when he sees his father pushing them around but he doesn’t take any action against it. Tyler’s father is demanding and he forces Tyler to take all the advanced classes in school. Tyler knows that he can’t do well in the advanced class and even though he faces continuous trouble with his studies, never once can he muster the courage to make things straight with his father. His reason for not doing so is that he thinks talking with his father would do no good so he does not even give it a try. When he faces all the trouble at school he starts planning ways to escape his problems instead of

Event Concepts and Contexts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Event Concepts and Contexts - Essay Example As such, the events sector in a given economy plays an important role in ensuring sustainable development of the region. Different individuals influence, or are affected by, the events conducted in a region. There are individuals who have interests in the events. There are those who take part in the decision making process in the planning of the events. Other individuals will be affected in some way through conducting the event. There are also individuals with the resources that are necessary to conduct the event. Every event also has some target group(s) that will be its audience. The actual participants in the events are also important parties to be considered. In general, an event will draw members from both the public and the private organizations. The success of an event will depend on the ability of the organizers to identify the key stakeholders and understand their needs. The organizers of an event need to engage the stakeholders just from the preliminary stages of the eventà ¢â‚¬â„¢s preparation. There is need to have a timely response to the needs of these individuals in order to meet the objectives set for the event. This paper focuses on Olympic Games as one of the events that are conducted on the international scene. The different stakeholders of this event are discussed with how they are closely attached to the events. There has also been a need to focus on the mechanisms that have been employed to engage these stakeholders in this mega-event. The Sporting event- Olympic Games Olympic Games constitute some of the mega-events that are conducted on the international scene. The event is organized after every two years with Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games alternating after every two years. Olympic Games involve a number of athletic competitions with athletes and players drawn from across the globe. The event has been in existence for centuries and has been hosted by different countries over this period. The recent hosts of the event inclu de Sydney, Australia (2000), Salt Lake City, Utah-USA (2002), Athens, Greece (2004), Turin, Italy (2006), Beijing, China (2008), and Vancouver, Canada (2010).1 The event is also scheduled to take place in London, U.K. (2012), Sochi, Russia (2014), and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2016).2 The recent Olympic Games were also accompanied by the Paralympics Olympic Games as was witnessed in the Salt Lake Olympic Games in Utah.3 Stakeholders of the Olympic Games For a given organization, a stakeholder is an individual, groups of individuals, or other organizations that are affected by, or can influence the operations of the organizations.4 The stakeholders in a given business organization include the employees, the shareholders, the customers, the suppliers, the government, the competitors, and the community among many others.5 Similarly, an event, whether organized for profit or not for profit, also has stakeholders affecting or affected by the conduct of the event. The stakeholders have diff erent ways through which they are attached to a given event. They have varied interest in the event as well as varied power to influence the planning and execution of the event.6 As such, there are primary and secondary stakeholders. The primary stakeholders have some formal relationship with the organizers of an event whereas

Film Induced Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film Induced Tourism - Essay Example In this report, the main focus will be on a case study, â€Å"Sea Change in Barwon Heads.† Barwon heads is a small suburb where a popular television series, â€Å"Sea Change† was filmed. The issues and controversies at Barwon Heads will be discussed associated with this television series, which induced tourism in that area. Moreover, an analysis of these issues on hospitality and tourism sector will be discussed along with its implication on society in the 21st century (Beeton, 2001). An overview: Issues and Controversies in Film Induced Tourism Most of the people who have an interest in films festival visit different countries to gain experience of their culture and values that are being depicted through these films. The main focus of film induced tourist festival is to be successful in promoting good quality films, which can convert large audiences, who come to see these movies, into tourists (Claudia-Elena & Puiu, 2011). There can be many issues that the tourist sect or may have while promoting their films like; Finding which films or television series that can promote tourist activities and gather large audiences (Claudia-Elena & Puiu, 2011). If the tourist activity will subside once the film has reached its popularity level. If tourists will be attracted towards a site where there are shooting locations. Managing tourism during screening to encourage more tourists (Claudia-Elena & Puiu, 2011). How a tourist sector and film industry can work together to promote tourism. Highlighting and understanding the significance of tourism and film industry on the economy of a country can resolve these issues. There is also a need to understand how tourism has its effect on filming and vice versa. By studying these areas, tourism can be marketed effectively. Case Study: How film induced tourism has an impact on attitudes of a community Mostly People are inclined towards entertainment and celebrities and their perceptions are linked with these figures of th e film industry. When the tourist sector hosts a film it has socio-cultural effects on the people, which can be seen in changing perceptions of visitors about the destination. These perceptions are changing due to interaction among the hosts and guests while understanding the differences in their culture (Busby & Klug, 2001). However, there are changes in the behavior of the hosts and guests, which can have an impact on the community. The case of Australian television Series; Sea Change provides an understanding on the issues of physical changes that took place at the Victorian coastal village of Barwon Heads where this film was shooting. Moreover, the impact of this television series on residents and tourism sector will be discussed (Coast, 2013). Australian Television Series: Sea Change When the television series â€Å"Sea Change† was screened, the show gained immense popularity (SeaChange, 2010), and there was increased visitation at Barwon Heads, where the series was bein g filmed (Beeton, 2001). There were many studies through surveys and interviews that were conducted that showed the effects of these visitations on local residents. These studies were drawn after the screening finished and showed the issues and attitudes of local people and visitors at Barwon Heads. The opinions, which were generated, presented the impacts of â€Å"

Unsafe practices Essay Example for Free

Unsafe practices Essay 5 people died due to neglect. The main one being a nurse/carer gave the wrong dosage of warfarin to a resident which resulted in the lady being hospitalized and her MAR charts being falsified to hide the mistake, as the carers knew that if the hospital had seen the original MAR charts would have resulted in a CQC inspection and possibly the home being shut down. Nurses would shut door when residents were shouting for help. That resident could have been shouting for any number of reasons but the staff chose to shut the door and not investigate. They put a lady on the toilet and forgot about her, which could have resulted in a serious accident or worse. They also used parcel tape to hold a bandage in place, which when removed could cause skin tears or bruising. The only reason anything came of this is because a carer/nurse left the home and became a whistleblower after she had found 28 separate drug mistakes had been made in one night shift and she was asked to shred the MAR charts for the wafarin incident. 2010-2012 People with learning disabilities were left alone for long periods of time even though some of them had a history of self harming. Staffs were found to have been verbally abusing the residents and one male member of staff physically abused a female resident. These people ensure their trust to carers thinking they are going to get the best possible care. The manager should ensure there is enough staff to cover each shift as night shift was found to be understaffed possibly causing safeguarding issue. An audit showed lack of staff training, lack of planning sufficiently for care of older residents, limited access to activities and poor provision of food and drinks. All of this comes under physical abuse and neglect it also isolates them from bonding together due to the lack of activities so the abuse would go unnoticed for longer as the residents weren’t mixing together and building friendships. As for the food and drinks the residents are entitled to choose what they want and when they want it otherwise it falls into the category institutional abuse In all of these incidents the residents have suffered numerous kinds of abuse which isn’t acceptable. If staff were unsure of what to do they should have asked for further training or guidance.

Citizens of America Essay Example for Free

Citizens of America Essay Fellow countrymen, I stand before you today, to present my job application details, for the highest office on land. Citizens of America, today stands a man who is willing to sacrifice his self ambitions, a man who is willing to lay off his personal plans and embrace those of the state, a man who is willing to sacrifice his self esteem on the alter of criticism and a man who is able to lead this country to heights unprecedented before. Indeed, this man stands before you today and passes on his application details unto you, to be evaluated and approved if you so feel that he qualify beyond any reasonable doubts to become the fiftieth president of the United States of America. You may be asking yourselves why is this man, so tender in age and so inexperienced in leadership vying for this office? Citizens of our homeland, you will agree with me that leadership is God endowed. I want to state before you today that it is not because of the power that comes with leadership than makes me vie for this office, neither is it because of any monetary gains or honors. I stand to campaign for the presidency of this country because of the heart of service and allegiance I have for our great nation. In my heart, I hold big dreams that will assist in the economic development and technological advancement of our great nation. Just as one of our greatest reformers in history, Martin Luther King Jr. stood before an electrified crowd that was almost the same size with the one gathered today and declared, â€Å"I have a dream†, I too want to state before all of you listening to me today that â€Å"I have a dream! † I have a dream that through my presidency, the freedom that our forefathers once fought to preserve will remain intact. I have a dream that the unity of the reformers like Martin Luther shall be preserved and I have a dream that one day we shall look back and be proud of this defining moment (Martin 1963). Let us not forget that America has always been a free nation and will always be known to the world for its freedom, peace and sovereignty. My presidency will not only enforce the virtues that America stands for but will also create a platform where every man, woman and child can have a dream and fulfill their dreams. Fellow country men, our country has come from far. We have fought many wars. From the American revolutionary war fought between 1775 and 1782 against the largest empire in the world (historycentral. com 2009) to the war against terrorism that begun in 2003, America has always proved victorious. What does this prove to you fellow countrymen? It shows that America has been and will always be destined for victory. No situation will ever change this. We are a victorious nation! I stand as a man who like our forefathers, will preserve these victories even with my own life if necessary should you elect me as the fiftieth president of this nation. I stand here as a man who will make America even more victorious if given the opportunity to become its head of state by the electorate. However, as we boast of our victory in far and near battlefields, as we testify on the strength of our armies, we must remember the economic wars that still stand to pose great challenges to us. The great depression of 1929 was the worst of all of them. Even though it lasted for only ten years, it left house holds devastated. 25000 banks fell with no likelihood of ever rising again. We must also remember that it was through the election of the skilled democrat leader, President Franklin D. Roosevelt that the war against this depression was fought and eventually won (Cary 2009). Currently, with the recessions of the stock markets and increase in the debt ratio, we, the today’s generation, stand at the threshold of another depression like that of the 1929. There exists unemployment as never seen before since the times of the great depression and the value of stocks is rapidly falling. You will agree with me my dear country men that these are sad times for our great nation. However, you should not look at the recent troubles without hope. I want to assure you that if elected as the president, I will do all in my power to ensure that the history of depression does not repeat itself. We must stand together as a nation and win this war. You must always bear in mind that extra ordinary circumstances require extra ordinary solutions. I present myself today as the extraordinary solution for the current extraordinary circumstances our great nation is going through in the present age. On the same tune, I want to state that my fellow brother who is also a runner in this race Mr. Willis Brown has always questioned my integrity to rule this country. Mr. Willis has often cited my tenderness of age and inexperience in governance as the reason as to why I should not be allowed to ascend to the highest office on land. As you all know, I have been silent on this matter all this time for I felt that under no circumstances, should a leader with integrity such as me trade accusations with him. However, today as I make my last appeal for the office of the president, I want to settle the matter once and for all and state my case. Fellow countrymen, as you are all aware, it is not by the advancement of age that a country is ruled. You are also aware that it is not by the strength of the muscles that such a battle as this is fought. Leadership is seen through the policies and the ideas one has to offer for this great nation. Even if Mr. Willis was to succeed in discrediting my fitness for presidency and I was to fail in my quest, my great ideas for this nation will never die. Remember that as John F. Kennedy once stated, A man may die, nations may rise and fall, but an idea lives on. ( brainyquote. com 2009) My ideas will never be killed! Don’t tell me I am too young to rule. Tell me that my policies and ideas for this country are wrong. Don’t tell me that I am inexperienced. Tell me that the presidency seat was never meant for the young and the vibrant. Fellow countrymen, I know that with your help and with the help of God, I, Franklin Carole, will surely become the fiftieth president of the United States of America. What Ideas do I have for this country? We note great with pride that our country has been the bedrock of the world economy over the years. We note with great pride that our country has been the home to scientific discoveries and inventions. When a time came for man to travel beyond the horizons of the world, it was America that ensured that the first of Adam’s race stepped on the surface of the moon. Indeed, in 1969, history was made when Apollo 11, a space craft under the command of Neil Armstrong became the first of its kind to land on the surface of the moon and as the first manned lunar landing mission (Lyndon 1993). Fellow countrymen, on that day, we watched with awe and wonder as one of our very own sons became the first man to step on the surface of the moon and lay the first footsteps there. It is from that time that we realized that America was a land where nothing could be considered impossible, a land where all had an equal opportunity to become what they wanted to be and a land that no other land can ever be compared to. To this land, great men endowed with great leadership skills have been born. From the first president of this country George Washington who took oath of office in 1789 to the time of Barack Obama, the first black president of this nation (Whitehouse. gov 2009), to these times that I now stand to become the fiftieth president, these sons of ours have served our nation with their lives. They have led our country in times of peace and in times of war, in easy times and in times of hardship, in times of scarcity and in times of plenty. Some have served for just a month while others have served for over twelve years. They were loyal men who were not afraid to lay down their lives for the sake of our prosperity. They were courageous men who did not fear the assassin’s gun. They were devoted to duty despite criticism and they were honest to their country in all they did. It is to the list of these men that I desire to belong. It is to the works of these men that I desire to add and it is to their unaccomplished dreams that I hope to accomplish only if you, fellow countrymen offer unto me that mandate. What do I have to offer at my tender age? Issues of education have been neglected for too long. Teachers are poorly paid and thus do not take the art of imparting knowledge to their students seriously. Some of our higher learning centers lack the proper equipments and finances to carry out research for the advancement of technology. Fellow countrymen, we must note that education is the only bridge that is left for the maintenance of our economic prosperity and success. We need to produce men and women from our educational systems who will not only be ready to fill in the vacant positions in our country but are fit to work and become competent on global levels. It is for this reason that when elected, my government plans to remove all tax paid by teachers and increase the government spending on education by fifty percent from its current standings. We realize that all of us passed through the hands of a teacher. We will ensure that we put in place machinations to ensure that teacher’s salaries are thus reviewed upwards to cater for their needs and boost their morales as they shape the future leaders of this nation. Terrorism is also a real threat to this country. From September 11th when the twin towers were brought down by terrorists, our country has never been the same again and our people have never felt safe. What can we do? Are we helpless when it comes to terrorism? Fellow countrymen, I want to tell you that America has means and ways to deal with terrorism. It is sad that while this country bleeds, the current government has forgotten its call to protect the citizens of America. As the president, I will deal with terrorist in a manner that will ensure that they will never again attack our lands. I will employ measures that due to security reasons, can not be mentioned here. This mechanisms, will use all our technologies and manpower to ensure that America remain free from terrorism. We understand that America can never be America without its citizens and it is in our interest to ensure that the citizens are safe. Fellow countrymen, like I earlier stated, employment has become an elusive matter in our nation. When a nation can no longer employ those whom it has educated, it is creating insecurity within itself. We as the new government will therefore direct for the expansion of industries to create more employment opportunities. We will also create an investor friendly platform and lay out a framework where all that are willing to invest and become self employed can get the profits from their labors. We will support the worker’s union and their fight for better working conditions for their members. We will support the retired men and women. We appreciate the fact that that they have given unrelenting services for this great nation and. We shall ensure that their retirement benefits are accorded to them in time and also add to them bonuses based on the amount of years that they worked. As I end my humble plea for your endorsement of my presidential ambitions, I want to remember the many that have taken their times and forgone other opportunities just to be here. I also remember those who have traveled with me throughout my campaign trails and have offered both financial and moral support until this final campaign. In a special way, I also wish to thank my wife Mary for the encouragement she gave me. I am forever grateful to all of you and to the American nation for giving me this chance to practice my democratic right. Fellow country men, though the campaigns end today, the journey continues. We today stand a chance to make history, to rectify the mistakes that we have done in the past and to ensure that America is stronger and better. Citizens of America, let us not be weary of fighting for better living conditions, let us not be weary of upholding the values of our constitutions. Let us not be weary of treating each other as brothers and sisters. Even after the elections are past and gone, we shall still remain citizens of this great nation. We have come from far. We are going still going far. These elections will be the landmark of the better future yet to come. For those who will vote for me, I want to tell you thank you for believing in my policies. For those who will vote for my opponent, I still appreciate you for practicing your democratic right. For those who will not vote at all, I want to challenge you to know that you are held accountable for not helping in shaping the political landscape of your nation. We are all Americans, we all belong to America and one day when we shall have all gone, America shall still remain with our children and grandchildren as its rightful inheritor. Let us take this time to change America for the benefit of the future generations by voting for me as the fiftieth president of this country. Never forget that when history will one day be written down, your works today will always be remembered and told on to the future generations. Fellow countrymen, I want to urge you not to meditate upon the words of George Santayana when he once stated that, â€Å"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it†(George 2009). God bless you all and God bless America. Works Cited Brainyquote. com John F. Kennedy Quotes, 2009, sourced on 28th April 2009: http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/authors/j/john_f_kennedy. html Historycentral. com, America’s Wars, A complete History, 2009, Sourced On 28th April 2009: http://www. historycentral. com/wars. html Johnson, Lyndon B. , Neil A. Armstrong, 1993, sourced on 28th April 2009: http://www.jsc. nasa. gov/Bios/htmlbios/armstrong-na. html King, Martin Luther, I Have a Dream Address at March on Washington August 28, 1963. Available: http://www. mlkonline. net/dream. html Nelson, Cary, About the Great Depression, 2009, sourced on 28th April 2009: http://www. english. illinois. edu/maps/depression/about. htm Santayana, George, Quotations, 2009, sourced on 28th April 2009: http://www. quotationspage. com/subjects/history/ Whitehouse. gov, George Washington, 2009, sourced on 28th April 2009: http://www. whitehouse. gov/about/presidents/georgewashington/

Nationalism Multiculturalism Nation

Nationalism Multiculturalism Nation Introduction: Nationalism and Multiculturalism†¦.. Ethno cultural pluralism is an unavoidable fact of life. Almost every state is ethnically and/or culturally heterogeneous. Walker Connor famously suggested that there were only seven examples in the world of states that met the nationalist test of one state per nation, one nation per state. Herder was the one coining the word nationalism. He believed in the uniqueness of each culture and the impossibility of comparing different cultures on an absolute scale of value. Modern Nationalism has various traits and variants: civic, ethno-cultural and multicultural. We should understand nationalism, then, as a normative argument that confers moral value on national membership, and on the past and future existence of the nation, and identifies the nation with a particular homeland or part of the globe. Sweeney defines ‘three types of nationalism: state, civic and ethnic; ethnic nationalists who stress culture and descent, civic nationalists who stress culture and territory but not descent, state nationalism which asserts the dominance of a particular ethnicity. Civic nationalism†¦is more tolerant of diversity, and is marked by a recognition of different ethnicities. He implies that state nationalism, although a well-defined category, has been abandoned by modern European states, leaving only a contest between the remaining two nationalisms. At the same time he hints at the possibility of a new third nationalism that goes beyond the merely civic and tolerant, when he introduces the idea of a nationalism that is marked by multiculturalism. So, there may remain three types of nationalism: ethnic, civic, and multicultural. Since nationalism is well entrenched in the state-society structures, it is an undeniable factor in politics where it creates individual loyalty to an ethnic community, constructing the group identity and working on the mobilization for the benefits of the group interests. But, sometimes it affects the society negatively, this happens if the majoritarian nationalism was contested by a competing nationalism, the society may witness bloody aggressive confrontations, such as what used to happen in between the Scottish and the British in the United Kingdom. Thats why modern history witnesses a large-scale loss of life and property all over world in the name of promoting nationalism. On the other hand, so far in most of the literature, multiculturalism is considered as a policy framework rather than a form of nationalism. A way to manage the immigrants population, achieving integration while maintaining identity. Thus, multiculturalism can be viewed as both a policy adopted in diversely cultural societies and as the demographic cultural status in these societies. As a descriptive term it is used to describe societies which have many distinct cultural groups usually as a result of immigration. Multiculturalism as a public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multiethnic society officially stresses mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a countrys borders, emphasizing the unique characteristics of different cultures especially as they interact with one another inside these societies. Immigrants should preserve their cultures with the different cultures, interacting peacefully within one nation. An important remark in this regard is the fact that while all societies today are culturally heterogeneous, not all of them are multicultural. I quote Bhikhu Parekh â€Å"Multiculturalism doesnt simply mean numerical plurality of different cultures, but rather a community which is creating, guaranteeing, encouraging spaces within which different communities are able to grow at their pace. At the same time it means creating a public space in which these communities are able to interact, enrich the existing culture and create a new consensual culture in which they recognize reflections of their own identity.† Ralph Grillodistinguishes between weak multiculturalism in which cultural diversity is recognized in the private sphere while a high degree of assimilation is expected of immigrants and ethnic minorities in the public sphere (law and government, the market, education and employment) and strong multiculturalism marked by institutional recognition of cultural differences in the public sphere including political representation and private one. The emerging trends in nationalism in some countries point to the fact that it is much more than just a set of political principles for nation-building. However, one wonders whether it is proper to label multiculturalism as a form of nationalism when many multicultural states are not able to avoid a backlash from the majority or completely satisfy the minority to the extent that the nationalist vision is truly adopted by the entire nation. That is why to know whether nationalism can be multicultural, it is highly important to study the states response and its policies regarding immigrants and minorities within multicultural societies. Generally, no state is entirely neutral in arbitrating these nationalist visions. Use of coercive means can be expected of any state while deciding to form its nationalist vision and this happens irrespective of the nature the political system. Taylor Strong insists that the nationalist sentiment remains an integral part of the political culture of a state. He perceived the identity as being unattached from the public domain and that is why the state can not be neutral because it is in control of the identity of the nation. For him, this establishes the limits of multiculturalism; once cultural identity is recognized then transformed into a state, the cultures that are internal to this community can not be entitled to benefit from the same right. But still he believes that each culture should preserve its authenticity since the recognition of the equal value of each culture will be permitting the public conversation between the diverse identities. Kernerman identifies that the main issue behind multicultural nationalism is how to achieve a balance between the need to sustain diversity and the necessity to achieve unity with the major question of how are the various manifestations of diversity to be recognized and understood in relation to one another and to the political community? But what is the position of minorities within multicultural societies? And how does the state deal with them? How can we balance between national sentiments and inclusion of immigrants peacefully in a plural society? The paradox of multicultural societies: nationalism Vs. multiculturalism?! Within multicultural societies, people usually disagree about how national unity is best achieved and what it should look like? Some demand equal treatment of all citizens, regardless of their cultural, ethnic, racial, religious or other characteristics since citizenship must be left undifferentiated and symmetrical. Citizenship should be difference blind. In contrast, others demand forms of differentiated citizenship where their differences are not only recognized, but also incorporated into the rules, procedures, and symbols of the political system. That is why many related issues gain attention of policy makers in these societies such as: the scope of minority rights, and the under representation of minorities in electoral politics, the absence of loyalty†¦. But the oppositions remain: equal versus differentiated citizenship, individual rights versus collective rights, impartial versus group-based representation, and so on. Within multicultural societies, nationalism is a site of polarization, driven by mutually exclusive understandings of which units of identity- groups and peoples- should dominate in the collective understanding of the political community. These communities/groups have some conception of the parts and the whole, and so they operate according to their specific logic of identity. This shows how the state has a major role in boosting the sense of loyalty and national identity among the different communities within the society. This role differs among states given different national histories, legal frameworks, and preferences for managing immigration. Contemporary States which adopts an integrative multicultural policy claim that their nationalism is civic rather than ethnic, emphasizing on their equal rights agenda. But inspite of that some signs suggest that minorities may still feel outsiders despite the equal rights and the civic welcome. Parekh points out: one might enjoy all the rights of citizenship and be a formally equal member of the community, and yet feel an outsider who does not belong. It depends upon the public as much as on the Parliament and on political symbols, images, ceremonies, collective self-understanding and views of national identity as much as on equal-rights legislation. No society can remain the same when it admits new members, rather every society constantly redefines and reconstitutes itself in response to the emergence of new generations who bring with them new ideas, forms of self-understanding and modes of behavior. Thats why immigrants are considered a challenge. To solve this, common belonging need to be developed by all states institutions. Common belonging is a two-way process; immigrants can not belong to the society in which they have chosen to settle unless it is prepared to welcome them, and conversely it can not accept them as full members unless they wish to belong, with all what this entails. Common belonging therefore can only be achieved if each party respects the terms of the relationship and discharges its obligations. That is why Inclusiveness is usually formulated in the metaphor of two-way integration. The first of the EU Common Basic Principles of Immigrant Integration Policy states: Integration is a dynamic, two-way process of mutual accommodation by all immigrants and residents of the Member States This means that not just immigrants but also the receiving society has to change, the latter being mandated to create opportunities for the immigrants full economic, social, cultural, and political participation. This is a process that requires each side to stick to its obligations so as to get its rights fully satisfies. On the immigrants side, they may legitimately ask for changes in the practices and institutions of the wider society if the demands are biased or can not be met. Their demands are likely to receive a favorable response only if they have made a commitment to society, valuing their membership of it. These minorities arrive willingly as immigrants to the host country, wishing to belong to this country of settlement and they are expected to be loyal, especially that a society is not a chance collection of people who happen to live together; rather it represents a way of life built up through struggle and sacrifice over several generations. Since their identities and histories are closely bound up with their society, they rightly feel protective about it. Native citizens want to be reassured that immigrants value their membership of it, and respect its way of life. Immigrants need to commit themselves to the host society and accept the expected responsibilities and obligations, but this does not mean that they should break their ties with their country of origin. Such a demand is unfair, impossible to meet, and unnecessary. What can be demanded of immigrants is that they should see their country of settlement as their home, whatever other homes they might also happen to have. It should mean something to them, have an intrinsic value for them, and they should give reasonable evidence of their commitment to it. Such a commitment establishes their good faith, gives them the rights of membership, and entitles them to make different claims on the rest of society as their process of settlement requires. Immigrants express their commitment to society in several ways: They should cherish its integrity and well-being, respect its authority and laws, and in general discharge their obligations as citizens. Immigrants also affirm their commitment to society by participating in its common life, discharging their share of collective responsibility, being productive workers, not abusing the available welfare provisions, and so on. But this does not include interfering in their personal life sphere which does not affect the shared collective life or else it will be unequal treatment. Immigrants need to acquire the cultural competence to help them get acquainted with their new countrys way of life. This involves learning its language, understanding and observing its rules of civility and norms of behavior, and familiarizing themselves with its traditions, history and moral sensibilities. That is why both the state and the society must help them integrate within the fabric of the society with all possible legal and social facilities. From the many types of cultural rights claimed by immigrants are: Exemptions from laws which penalize or burden cultural practices of members of a religious/cultural group whose practices are different from the societys known practices because of the very different meaning it has for the majority culture. Thus, the exemption is justified as recognition of that difference. Also, some related claims seek to have the general law recognize a culturally specific way of establishing certain rights which are established otherwise by the general law. A simple example is the authority granted to religious officials in some states to perform legally binding marriages. Assistance rights to do those things the majority can do unassisted, helping the minorities to overcome obstacles to engaging in common practices. Special provision is sought because of culturally specific disadvantages or because the desired common activity has been designed in such a way as to keep members of non-dominant groups out. Introducing new citizenship and English language requirements are two main policies in this regard. Representation of minorities in states decision-making bodies. Adequate representation of the immigrants should be ensured in the major political institutions to allocate them a fair share of public resources, to secure protection of their interests/rights and to prevent discrimination. The mechanisms for this vary; sometimes it takes the form of straightforward quotas. Symbolic claims to acknowledge the worth, status, and existence of various groups (name of polity, official name of ethnic groups, national holidays, teaching of history, official apologies). The above shows how both the society and the state are needed in the integration process of minorities to meet the needs of both the immigrants and the native citizens in a just fair way that seeks the benefits of the whole society. The states integration policies changed over time till it reached to the multicultural pluralistic form for several reasons including: (a) Demographics: In the past, many governments had the hope/expectation that ethnic minorities would simply disappear, through dying out or assimilation or intermarriage. It is now clear that this is not going to happen due to their high birth rates. The percentage of immigrants in the population is growing steadily in most Western countries, and most commentators agree that even more immigrants will be needed in the future to offset declining birth rates and an ageing population. (b) Rights-Consciousness: the human rights revolution that is premised on the idea of equality of human beings raised the awareness of groups which now have a powerful sense of entitlement to equality as a basic human right, not as a favor or charity. (c) Democracy: In many countries around the world, elites ban political movements of minority groups through different ways. The fear of this sort of repression often keeps minority groups from voicing. Keeping quiet is the safest option for minorities in many countries. However, in consolidated democracies, there is no option but to allow minority groups to mobilize politically and advance their claims in public. It is this loss of fear, combined with rights-consciousness that explains the active nature of ethnic politics in western democracies. The state must make a commitment to immigrants in appropriate ways dealing with the facts that they are new to the society and are liable to misunderstanding and negative stereotyping. Also, they need time to acquire the necessary cultural competence, and in the meantime they lack a clear coherent voice. Being outsiders, they are often resented and also likely to be discriminated against and may suffer from various kinds of disadvantage. This deepens the role of the state to ease their transition, helping them become full legitimate members. Since the nature of the attachments of the groups to the larger political community varies, certain mechanisms are needed to accommodate these variations. This requires some actions from the states side such as: First: Discrimination against immigrants in all areas of life, especially in areas such as employment and housing, should be declared unlawful and subjected to appropriate sanctions since it implies unequal treatment, building up frustration, and can over time generate a profound sense of alienation and marginality. When the state does nothing about it, it sends out the message that it regards them as an inferior class of citizens. Thus the state must address the socio-economic exclusion problems. Secondly: Immigrants suffer from several economic, social, cultural, political and other disadvantages which impede their settlement. This requires a comprehensive public policy covering areas such as: the immigrants need to learn the language in classes that suit their needs and working hours, dealing with residential concentration phenomenon when it transfers from being a comforting way of boosting the immigrants self confidence and safety into an impediment of integration by confining immigrants to their own community. Thirdly: Educational institutions play a crucial role in creating a common sense of belonging. They should prepare their students to live in a multicultural society, cultivating the necessary multicultural skills as tolerance, openness to other ways of life and thought and mutual respect. Citizenship is not entirely about rights, but is a matter of participation in the political community and begins early in life. It concerns the learning of a capacity for action and for responsibility but, essentially, it is about the learning of the self and of the relationship of self and other. It is a learning process. Consequently, it is vital to build up inter-ethnic bonds through associations which bring together different communities in the pursuit of common interests, and develop mutual understanding and trust, fostering a strong sense of civic identity that transcends ethnic differences and creating a larger sense of national identity. Also, Multiculturalism may take the form of revising the educational curriculum to include the history and culture of minority groups; creating advisory boards to consult with the members of minority groups; recognizing the holy days of minority religious groups; teaching police officers, social workers, and health care professionals to be sensitive to cultural differences in their work; developing regulations to ensure that minority groups are not ignored or stereotyped in the media; and so on. These policies may seem discriminatory but they are not because they are intended to remove obstacles to equal fair competition and tackle disadvantages, not to give arbitrary and unfair preference to minorities and immigrants. So when in some cases they receive greater attention, this is only because their disadvantages are greater than normal citizens and are compounded by discrimination. It is an affirmative-action/positive discrimination† program in light of citizens varying legal frameworks. Inspite of all these efforts, sometimes obligatory civic integration (civic integration courses and tests for newcomers†¦) is interpreted as an instance of repressive liberalism especially that non-compliance tends to be sanctioned in terms of financial penalties or denial of permanent legal residence permits. Some view that the novelty of civic integration policy is its obligatory character, which has notably increased over time, and this notional ‘integration policy has even transmitted into a tool of migration control, helping states to restrict especially the entry of unskilled and non-adaptable family immigrants.Some believe that what began as an immigrant integration policy has thus turned into its opposite, a no-immigration policy. But this is not totally true, since basic knowledge of the host societys language, history, and institutions is indispensable to integration. Thus, it is the right of the host country to ensure the success of its integration process through the means fitting its societal framework. But, still some countries tend to be so aggressive in its immigration policies out of its belief that immigrants pull the economy backwards. Such an issue differs among countries according to the ruling political system. But, still the public policies mentioned and the attitudes expected from the minorities are the least acceptable to ensure a peaceful multicultural society which both preserves its identity while respecting diversity. Conclusion: Multicultural governance may be the most feasible theory to achieve a multicultural national citizenship because it operates with the purpose of constructing normalized multicultural citizens within a balanced regime of identity and diversity. Multicultural governance does far more than protect the spaces within which diversity can flourish; it helps to create these spaces. It constructs the identity framework in which cultural freedoms can be asserted and deployed. A multicultural state will be providing the categories within which groups and citizens negotiate their behavior and interact together so that the citizen can belongs to an ethnic group and to the nation simultaneously. As Charles Taylor believes, personal identity is formed in a symbiotic relation with a collective identity and is nourished by the culture that the group shares. This emphasizes the importance of having a multicultural spirit within the society, believing that with the appropriate policies adopted by the states institutions to facilitate the integration of minorities and with a high degree of loyalty from the minorities side, an authentic multicultural nationalism can flourish where both the national identity and diversity are being respected and promoted. Such visions draw the best mechanism that can achieve a real multicultural national society, proving that a balance can happen between both nationalism and multiculturalism. Appendix: Generally, we can identify four types of minorities which are disadvantaged and need to be well integrated: Groups have their cultural roots within their country of citizenship, but have a key defining characteristic (e.g. gay/lesbians; disabled people). groups are autochthonous minorities (i.e. national minorities or aboriginal peoples) (e.g. the Quà ©bà ©cois; the Basques) groups have cultural or ethnic roots not only outside the territory of the state in which they have citizenship but also outside the Western world (e.g. Black-British; Chinese-Americans) groups are mainly religious minorities originating outside the Western world (e.g. French Muslims; British Sikhs) In this research I was focusing mainly upon the minorities of the last 2 kinds who usually arrives as immigrants to the host country. Bibliography: Birnbaum, Pierre and Strong, Tracy, from multiculturalism to nationalism, Political Theory, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1996. Bourne , jenny, In difference of multiculturalism, Institute of race relations IRR BRIEFING PAPER NO.2http://www.irr.org.uk/pdf/IRR_Briefing_No.2.pdf Chirot, Daniel Herders Multicultural Theory of Nationalism and Its Consequences, East European Politics and Societies, volume 10 ,1995. Delanty, Gerald, Two Conceptions of Cultural Citizenship: A Review of Recent Literature on Culture and Citizenship, The Global Review of Ethno-politics, Vol. 1, no. 3, March 2002. Economic and social research council ESRC, Program on devolution and constitutional change, Towards a multicultural nationalism? Anglophobia and Islamophobia in Scotland, Devolution Briefing No.24, March 2005. Gallis, Paul (ed.), Muslims in Europe: Integration Policies in Selected Countries, CRS congressional research service, November 18, 2005. available online at : http://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33166.pdf Halstead, schooling and cultural maintenance for religious minorities in the liberal state in Kevin McDonough (Editor), Walter Feinberg, (Editor), citizenship and education in liberal societies: teaching for Cosmopolitan Values and Collective Identities, 2003, Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: January 2005. Harris, John, a paradox of multicultural societies, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1982. Hussain, Asifa and Miller, William, Multicultural Nationalism :Islamophobia, Anglophobia, and Devolution. Available online at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780199280711/acprof-0199280711-chapter-1.html. Joppke, Christian Beyond national models: Civic integration policies for immigrants in Western Europe, West European Politics, Vol.30, No.1, http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713395181 Keating, Michael (Editor), McGarry, John, Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order, 2001, Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: November 2003.AVAILBALE at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/private/content/politicalscience/9780199242146/p013.html#acprof-0199242143 Kernerman, Gerald, Multicultural Nationalism: Civilizing Difference, Constituting Community, Law and society Series, (Toronto, UBC Press, 2005) Kymlicka, Will, Multiculturalism and Minority Rights: West and East, journal on ethno politics and minority issues in Europe, Issue 4, 2002, http://www.ecmi.de/jemie/download/Focus4-2002_Kymlicka.pdf Levy, Jacob T. The Multiculturalism of Fear. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Oxford Scholarship Online. Oxford University Press. 27 March 2008 Moore, Margaret ethics of nationalism, (oxford: oxford university press, 2001), Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: November 2003. Available online at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/private/content/politicalscience/9780198297468/p011.html#acprof-0198297467. Parekh, Bhikhu, â€Å"A commitment to cultural pluralism, available at: http://kvc.minbuza.nl/United Kingdom/archive/commentary/parekh_sum.html, Parekh, Bhikhu Unity and diversity in Multicultural societies, International Institute for Labor Studies, published paper, Geneva, 2005. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inst/download/1parekh.pdf, Vertovec, Steven â€Å"Trans national challenges to the New multiculturalism†, university of Oxford .paper presented to the ASA conference held at the university of Sussex, 30 march -2nd April 2001.

The Monk Essays -- Essays Papers

CHARACTER ANALYSIS The Monk When one thinks of a monk, he may imagine someone who studies, prays, and performs manual labor. The Monk, one of the thirty pilgrims travelling on a pilgrimage to Canterbury in The Canterbury Tales, is nothing like the usual monk many people imagine. He is rebellious, ignores rules, and lives and controls his own life. Chaucer, the narrator and author of The Canterbury Tales, shows these characteristics in the way the Monk looks, the things he says and does, and in the things the host, a character in "The Monk's Prologue," and Chaucer say about him. The Monk is nothing like the usual monk many people imagine. He hunts hares and rides horses instead of studying, praying, and working. He does not follow the rules of the monastery which say that monks should not hunt, be reckless, nor leave the monastery. Instead,they should study and perform manual labor. The Monk ignores these rules. Chaucer shows that the Monk does not care about the rules when he says, "He yaf nought of that text a pulled hen"(Norton, p.85) and when he says, "Of priking and of ...

Women and Amory Blaine Essay -- Literary Analysis, Fitzgerald

Women in F. Scott Fitzgerald's first published piece This Side of Paradise , riddle the life of its main character, Amory Blaine. Despite his charm and his sense of confidence Amory fails, at least within the timeline of the text, to maintain a steady relationship. What Amory does achieve by the end is the conclusion that his generation is lost and that all he knows is himself. This is a serious change in philosophy from the beginning, where Amory believes he has the ability to master anything and anybody. Considering Amory has at least five loves within this philosophical development it seems likely that at least some of these lovers greatly influenced his final conclusions on himself and on the world. Thus, the question becomes not only how but which one of these women made the strongest impression on Amory and his verdict on the world? Three of those women will be examined here. Before diving in looking at these women and their influence on Amory it's important to first understand where Amory ends up in order to backtrack and pick up the clues that led him there. At the end of the text Amory proclaims in a rather dramatic fashion, â€Å"I know myself...but that is all† (213). His sense of himself is all that he feels he can truly understand. The outside world is alien to him and full of uncertainty. When Amory contemplates at the end on the situation of his own generation he concludes that they are set adrift, wrenched from the foundations that once held culture down solidly. â€Å"A new generation...grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken...† (213). Now compare these perceptions to his original conceptions of the world. As in the section, â€Å"Code of the Young Egotist†, where Amory invisions himself as... ...Amory's life, he is not—so to speak—in love with her but he does become attached to her. Simply because they can role play comfortably together. She concludes the fragmentation of Amory's reality by causing him to recognize the fragmentation of thought when she accuses him of disregarding the subjective nature of the concept of 'goodness'. Amory has understood himself as 'good' with the pieces of reality that he possess's or more likely, is willing to recognize. Thus, when Amory cries, â€Å"I know myself...but that is all† (213), he has finally realized the extent of the fragmentation of the world that surrounds him. Each woman led him down certain routes that further developed, and by that I mean tore down, his final conceptions of reality. He is no longer a forming force in the world but a being at subject to the whims of infinite realities that make up the world.

Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education :: Teaching Education

Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education As the years go on, more and more students are enrolling in higher forms of education, including collages, institutes, technical schools, and universities. This rise can be from the increase of students due to the growth of population, or the realization of the importance of after high school education. The rise of students from 1992 to 1993 was from 281,000 students to 293,000 students, a 12,000 people increase. From 1993 to 1994, the rise was from 293,000 students to 295,000 students, a 2,000 people increase. Some of the businesses affected by the growth are construction companies, staffs, cafeterias, school supplies, public transportation, and areas of entertainment. The construction companies get business by the incoming students. They get jobs building extra dormitories, class rooms, cafeterias, and anything else the collages may need. Also, home owners can raise the prices of apartments and houses because of the rise in the demand for a close by campus home. The school staffs are greatly affected by the increase of incoming students. More teachers will be hired, as well as custodians to keep the campus a clean environment. Guidance counselors and secretaries will also be needed to keep the school organized. The cafeterias in or around the campus will have more customers every day, mostly from the students who live in or around the campus. Students commuting to the school are more likely to not use the cafeterias around the school. With the rise of students, the sales of text books, pencils, book bags, and other everyday school supplies are likely to increase. This is great for the schools bookstores, the publishing companies, the book authors, and large or small school and office stores in or around the campus. School supplies are a must in collage. Most students who live on campus do not have a car. Mostly because of the most of parking, students use public transportation such as trains, busses, and taxi cabs to get around. Also, maybe areas of study are in the city where having a car is not as beneficial as in suburban areas. Movie theaters, restaurants, and comedy clubs will have more customers from students who like to have fun. Also bars, strip clubs, and liquor stores will have more business from the collage student who likes to party and have fun. Many people gain from the increase of

Ips Cells

Recently, there has been a debate about rather or not laws that govern induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells differ from those currently in place for human embryonic stem (ES) cells. An IPS cell is created artificially from skin, fat and fibroblasts by reprogramming patient's own cells. Scientists believe IPS cells to be a promising source for treating diseases. An ES cell is created by destroying an embryo. Other scientists think ES cells will also be a promising source because it is composed of your own DNA, so the immune system won't reject the cell.While scientists would agree that the same laws should apply because they believe in finding a cure to diseases, other people would disagree. Some people would say that ES cells are unethical because scientists need a human egg donor, and they must destroy a human embryo. The laws should not be the same for ES cells as they are for IPS cells because the creation for ES cells are unethical. (learn. genetics. utah. edu) â€Å"Abortion is murder in the womb†¦ A child is a gift of God. If you do not want him, give him to me. ~Mother Teresa (gardenias4lina. com) An elementary scientific textbook called â€Å"Basics of Biology† gives five characteristics of living things; these five criteria are found in all modern elementary scientific textbooks: 1. Living things are highly organized. 2. All living things have an ability to acquire materials and energy. 3. All living things have an ability to respond to their environment. 4. All living things have an ability to reproduce. 5. All living things have an ability to adapt.According to this basic definition of life, life begins at fertilization, when a sperm unites with an oocyte. (prolifephysicians. org) Some people may disagree, but if they can teach this to elementary students, then adults, especially scientists should be able to understand. Also, by destroying an embryo, you are destroying a human life; not only destroying the life, but infringing upon the b asic rights. The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, often held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law.Other people find nothing wrong with destroying an embryo, murdering a human being. They think that from a medical and scientifical stand point, destroying one embryo to possibly cure a disease is worth it. The life they just took, may have found the cure without taking a life. The government spending money on creating ES cells, (which are time consuming, destroy the embryos and need a human egg donor)on something that a lot of people find unethical, and is even against religion is wrong.The United States is supposed to have seperation of state and church, therefore someone's tax dollars should not go towards something that their religion is against. Laws that govern IPS cells should differ from those currently in place for human ES cells. ES cells are unethical, and is against the religion of some people. Also, ES research is just as wrongful and disterbing as abortion. Scientists in the United States are not allowed to impregnate a women, but they are allowed to use â€Å"leftovers† from fertility clinics with the consent from donors.Human embryos are not â€Å"leftovers†, that is like saying the corps of your grandmother are â€Å"leftovers†; just because you took the life before it reached full maturity, doesn't make it a â€Å"leftover†. Abortion is legal for any women regaurdless of her age, and is allowed throughout the first six months of prgnancy, and for almost any reason after the six months as well. America is full of murders. If you were to look at a baby and say that you could kill it for no reason, you are sick!So, why would you do it before the baby gets a chance to live? Using an embryo to save a life does not justify taking a life. An eye for an eye: The notion that for every wrong done there should be a compensating measure of justice. (phrases. org. uk) Someone please find these embryos justice. Do not allow ES research, it is unethical. Citations citizenlink. com gardenias4lina. com learn. genetics. utah. edu phrases. org. uk prolifephysicians. org thefreedictionary. com

Rafael Nadal

Drew Parker Mrs. Edwards 15, October, 2012 Spch 102 Rafael Nadal knowledgeability A. ) Known by me precise as Rafa, Rafael Nadal is genius of the top- stratified lawn tennis workers in the earthly concern today. B. ) He has a combined lay of 120-43, and doesnt seem to have any weaknesses and is compared to tennis legends uniform Andre Agassi and Bjorn Borg. C. ) His childhood, and his achievements this far has make him who he is today, and as utter on Forbes. com, Nadal is the number 16 highest paid athlete with endorsements worth 25 cardinal dollars. modulation Lets start with his roots. body Main arrest 1 Nadal was born(p) in Majorca, Spain on June 3rd, 1986. He began playacting tennis and association foot formal at the maturate of 3, being coached both by his Uncle Toni. fit in to The New York Times, there was a big money more(prenominal) soccer than tennis in Nadals childhood. His Uncle Toni was a top soccer player for Spains F. C Barcelona, and with his th row he trained Rafa to be a capital soccer player as well as tennis star. At the jump on of 11 he unyielding to quit soccer and tot eachy focusing on tennis. He is natur all in ally sound pass, but his Uncle Toni forced him to play with his leftfield hand hand because you can generate more spin that way.By playing left handed it gives Nadal a supreme advantage during his serve. When pot serve right handed the ball bounces away from the player, and when people serve left handed the ball spins right into the opponents midsection. With absolute majority of the tennis stars being right handed, it makes things very difficult for an opponent of Nadals while r perpetuallyting serves. At the age of 15, Rafael was one of the highest ranked juniors in the world, and he jumped into the pros becoming one of the youngest players ever to take in an ATP tour match. He achieved this when beat out Ramon Delgado in Majorca 2002.This made him one 1 out of unless 9 players to ever win an AT P match in the beginning the age of 16. renewing all(prenominal) of his accomplishments at an early age is a herald for whats to come. Main point 2 Nadal has win many tournaments and many awards end-to-end his passage. In 2003 at the age of 16 he was the youngest player ever to be ranked in the ATPs top 100. In the same course he win the ATP crank of the Year award. He was also the youngest player ever to make it to a trio round in a super acid Slam at Wimbledon at the age of 16. In 2005, at the age of 19 Nadal had one of the best accomplishments of his career at that point. Atptour. om states, Nadal was the first teenager to win a meter Slam since Pete Sampras in 1990. He won the French Open that family and had a combined 25 match-winning runnel at the end of the year. Tom Oldfield stated in his book Rafael Nadal The Biography, Nadal had been known as a clay court specializer since playing in his first tournaments in 2001. So it wasnt a force that he would win the French Open. Nadal has won 71 total singles titles, and 11 doubles titles totaling in 82 career tournament wins. Sports Illustrated has Nadal down for winning 11 grand slams to this day, which ties him for 4th on the all time magnetic inclination.He is behind all-time greats like Andre Agassi, Pete Sampras, and Roger Federer. He is tied with another German great Bjorn Borg He has won 7 French Opens, 1 U. S. open, 1 Australian Open, and 2 Wimbledon Opens. He also won the Olympic gold in 2008 devising him one of the most well locomote players in the game. He is only 23 years old at this point, and has through with(p) much more than other tennis players do in their whole career. No one may come snug to matching the number of Grand Slams he could end up winning. Transition All of these achievements could lead to nothing more than some serious cash flow. Main point 3-Rafa is one of the highest paid athletes in the world. consort to celebnetworth. org Rafa has sponsorships with , Kia motors, Babolat, Nike, Bacardi, Richard Mille, and Armani. His Nike endorsement is worth 21 million per year. With all of these endorsements and his career earnings, Nadal is at a net worth of around 60 million dollars per year making him the sixteenth ranked highest paid athletes. This puts him on the list of names along with Michael Phelps, Lebron James, Alex Rodriguez, and other extremely paid athletes. In 2012 he has already gained 26 million in endorsements and 34 million in annual earnings. TransitionThis takes us to our conclusion. Conclusion A. ) Weve been over Rafaels childhood, his achievements, and his earnings. By doing this we see how much he means to the game of tennis. He was one of the youngest players ever to win a Grand Slam, and is endorsed by names like Nike, Babolat, and Armani, which only endorse the best athletes. B. ) He is before long the 16th highest paid athlete and the approaching looks bright for Nadal. At a online age of only 23, Nadal has a incur to become one of the greatest of all times, and at the pace hes going he has a great opportunity to beat Federers scan holding 17 Grand Slams.

Internet Addiction

cyberspace dependence The practice of the cyberspace on school camp collect spew on ofs and in society has change magnitude dramatic completelyy in recent cordial classs. W presentas the academic mapping of the web profit is to begin with in ten-spotded for learning and enquiry, the cyberspace is primarily intended for learning and research. How perpetu anyy, from age to quantify, cases of over pinch with the ne iirk shake up been observed on distinguish fitting camp functions. The cyberspace is non a habit. Its an unerasable feature of modern aliveness. gelt in tot up habituation Dis couch (IAD) was origin alwaysy last(predicate)y proposed as a ail in a satirical hoax by Ivan G overagedberg, M.D. , in 1995. He as tumefyk ghoulish shimmer as diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of psychogenic Dis ordinations (DSM- IV) as his model for the description of IAD. It is non however accept in the current DSM as of 2009. IAD receives decl beage in the press and existingiz satis factory future salmagundi as a psycho lumberical up luck continues to be debated and researched. On line of reasoning Activities which, if d unrival direct in psyche, would norm onlyy be con officered trouble slightly, much(prenominal) as de shapeined gambling or ready reck hotshotr memoryping, ar many an(prenominal) epochs called net compulsions. early(a)s, much(prenominal) as schooling or contend calculating machine jeopardizes, atomic consequence 18 lamentable besides to the extent that these activities interfere with normal life. Supporters of dis lay motley a good deal divide IAD into sub tokens by activity, much(prenominal) as unwarranted vie palpableiseg of obscenity, overwhelming and exuberant bid, remote involvement in online tender ne peckerinalrking websites or web lumberging, and meshing shopping dependence. champion counter melodic phrase is that compulsive fashions whitethorn non themsel ves be soakive (http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/ net profit_ habituation_dis piece). In any(prenominal) respects, sumictive lend oneself of the cyberspace resembles some early(a) so-called emergence settlements, in which a soulfulness is attached to an activity or air enlighten of than a substance (mood-altering drugs, tobacco, nutriment, etc). passel who unwrap enigmas with their net profit role whitethorn sensory facultyt glum exploitation the profits on a unremarkable stem and then progress to using the applied science in dysfunctional vogues. M each batch count that consumption round tallys of sentence on the earnings is a core feature of the disorder.The amount of age by itself-importance, however, is not as important a factor as the courses in which the souls mesh prep be use is interfering with their insouciant functioning. usance of the meshing may interfere with the individuals social life, school have, or romp-related tas ks at work. In addition, cases occupy been reported of persons entering to be a patient with that disorder in order to nab down anxiety or sympathy. Treatment woofs a lot mirror those for former(a)(a) habituations. Although only if a peculiar(a) amount of research has been beargon on this disorder, the interferences that feature been employ appear to be burdenive (http//www. inddisorders. com/Flu-Inv/ earnings- habituation-disorder. html). Dr. Goldberg pointed come to the fore both main caliberistics of IA using the net income leads to unremitting di express and damages physical, interpersonal, social status. People cogitate IA is dear manage the drug or s as well asge dependency, b arly the psychiatrists believe its undecomposed the same(p)s of the drama colony. Ab let on 83 wholeness million million million Ameri evicts were committed to profits in August 1999, by the course of study 2000 the present place of those increased by 12 million. As the reduce of meshing users increase, the bout of lucre addicts increases, and b separates it authors.It is a disaster, be motion we only k direct a existent some al roughly the line up nature of the meshwork habituation and treatment methods. fit in to statistic research e real arcminute cyberspace user is an meshwork addict, they swing their lives at babbles, forums, online hazards and an early(a)(prenominal) lucre operate. They cut their words and sentences to a jibe of garner like AFK, BB, and MU, to save the duration for internet searching. The legal age of internet addicts ar adolescents populate that atomic bout 18 just clear started their life, which unavoidableness to snag stunneddoors as recollective as it is mathematical to come up up strong, smart and in positigent. except they spend their condemnation sitting in front of the glisten monitor lizard, lecture to virtual(prenominal) title-holders closely the virtual problems of virtual peck whom they imbibe neer redden seemn with their take in affections, and in all likelihood never leave. They recognize the terra firma finished with(predicate) earnings culture, written by anonymous some wizard(a) for faceless anyone. When they pack a book they never go to library, instead they go to Yandex or Google, sp ar the note of the author and the novel they need and here you go, the digital copy of eternal Dostoevskys retard minimize from a hundreds of paginates to a couple of kilobytes.The flash of the monitor leads to the visual impairment, anorexia. Cof tumble, that helps internet users to up knead along their selves vigil, causes the toast upset. Its an irreversible process that changes the whole nature of military man psychic and physic. As you drop see the internet colony is an extremely dangerous disease, and its in truth important to go to sleep how to recognize it, in order to help and save those you safeguard close to ( http//www. thelandependence. com/index. html). According to Grohol (1999), si ce the aspects of the net profit where lot argon outlay the greatest amount of beat online has to do with social interactions, it would appear that socialization is what makes the lucre so addicting. Thats rightplain old hiatus out with former(a) great deal and lecture with them. Whether its via email, a discussion form, call, or a hazard online (such(prenominal) as MUD), batch be expending this meter exchanging information, support, and chit-chat with other volume just like themselves. Would we ever theatrical roleize any fourth dimension pass in the received world with friends as addicting?Of draw not, teenagers call on the carpet on the phone for hours on end, with other raft they see e genuinely day judgment of conviction Do we rear cellular phoneeder they argon accustom to the telephone? Of crinkle not, race lose hours at a magazine, immersed in a book, ignoring friends and family, and practically not heretofore pickaxe up the phone when it rings. Do we say they be hook to the book? Of course not, if some clinicians and researchers be now going to start defining addiction as social interactions, then e really real-world social kin we rich person is an addictive one.Also, in potential explanations for ghoulish use, Young (1996) initiated telephone flocks to formally regard patho poundical earnings use (PIU) based upon modified criteria of pathological Gambling define in the DSM-IV (Ameri s alsol psychiatrical Association, 1995). sheath studies showed that Dependents classified utilise the net income an reasonable of xxxviii hours per week for non-academic or non-employment related purposes which ca utilize insalubrious personal effects such as poor fixednessize writ of execution among students, discord among couples, and reduce work performance among employees.This is comp ard to non-addicts in this lease who used the ne t income an average of visiting cardinal hours per week with no signifi sackt consequences reported. attendant research on PIU based upon a self report de destinationination of addiction was conducted utilizing online survey methods. Brenner (1996) authorized 185 receipts in one month to his online survey regarding behavior patterns associated with the profits. His survey showed that 17% used the meshing to a greater extent than 40 hours per week, 58% said that others had complained astir(predicate)(predicate) their luxuriant net usage, and 46% indicated permitting less than 4 hours of respite per nighttime repayable to late night log ins.Egger (1996) received 450 responses to his online survey. Self-professed addicts in this study a great deal looked forward their next net session, mat nauseating when offline, lied about their online use, easily mixed-up hyb looseize of time, and felt the earnings caused problems on their jobs, finances, and socially. Steve T hompson (1996) certain the McSurvey which yielded 104 binding responses. Among respondents to his online survey, 72% felt addicted and 33% felt their internet usage had a for shout out effect on their lives.Surveys conducted on college campuses (Morhan-Martin, 1997 Scherer, 1997) as well support that students suffered signifi crowd outt academic and relationships impairment cod to redundancyive and ungoverned Internet usage. Formal Computer/Internet addiction treatment centers gift been established at such clinical setting as proctor hospital in Peoria, Illinois and Harvard affiliate McLean Hospital in response to the serious impairment caused by PIU. The Internet itself is a term which represents varied types of functions that are tender online.thitherfore, in the lead discussing addictive nature of the Internet, one moldiness analyse the types of applications universe used. When bloodsuckings were asked What applications do you nigh vow on the Internet? , 35% ind icated chat inhabit, 28% MUDs, 15% News groups, 13% E-mail, 7% WWW, and 2% knowledge Protocols (e. g. gopher, ftp, etc. ). Upon examination, traditional information protocols and electronic network pages were the least utilized among Dependents compared to over 90% of respondents who became addicted to the two focal point discourse functions chat rooms, MUDs, countersign groups.Or e-mail. This makes the case that the database searches, while interesting and often multiplication time-consuming are not literal reasons Dependents pay hold up addicted to the Internet. blab rooms and MUDs were the two most utilized averages which both allow ten-fold online users to simultaneously communicate in real time kindred to having a telephone conversation shut in the form of typed messages. all over 1,000 users skunk enliven a angiotensin converting enzyme virtual area. Text scrolls promptly up the screen with answers, questions, or comments to one some other.Privatized messag es are other available weft which allows only a single user to read message sent. Multi-user Dungeons, much usually known as MUDs, differ from chat rooms as these are an electronic reel off the old Dungeon and Dragons games where carryers take on character sections. on that point are literally hundreds of distinguishable MUDs ranging in themes from space battles to medieval duels. In order to log into a MUD, a user maidens or perverts weapons in a make believe role play game (http//www. healthyplace. com/addictions/center-for-internet-addiction-reco real/what-makes-the-internet-addictive/menu-id-1105/page-2/).The initial idea exclusivelyt joint the internet started in 1961. However, in 1993 the Internet go through one of its largest growths and today is accessible and used by people everywhere in the world (http//www. teen-beauty-tips. com/internet-addiction. html). twenty- freshman nose evictdy is distinguished with the high rate of personal assurance line person . senior high school rate of technical progress demands from us immobile reaction on external changes of the world, sparing and the itinerary of life. Things that are urgent today amaze exclusively unnecessary tomorrow, so it takes much time and powers to keep in line.This constant wild travel rapidly for parvenu information, barely welfare, and for cosmos first leaves us no time for normal life, for going out with our friends, visit the libraries, visiting our relatives, reading books, news papers, watching films, not only news. We nominate no time for all that, but we still project a propensity to get it, so were presention for shipway to get it with the minimal qualifying of time and maximal grant of pleasure. Modern science make it possible. Our dreams became true, we nooky buy books, films, cloth, visit polar countries and our relatives, and die our friend from the far away without release our flats, in time without leaving our chairs.We allow an Inter net. With the help of internet we contract the amour propre inside us, we compensate the lack of communication and attention we need. Internet saves us from the loneliness we requitall. We spend too much time working only so we aim no strength for our pleasures. hardly we constantly have time and strength for internet, because its fun, informative and lax, it relaxes us. Therefore, its just a one side of the medal. With the lapse of time it becomes integral collapse of our life, you keep conjectureing about persons you met on that point, and you have no other corporation with, and youre dying to chat with them again.Thats how it starts. You may say its okay to care about someone, about your friends, and at that places zero point dreaded they are just words at the contact list if behind them are real people, people you care about. Of course in that respects postcode terrible, if its just like you say, but just for a minute mintvas to think over, try to remember lu st 6 months of your life. firstborn you used internet to communicate with your friends because you were too fagged to go out and had no time, but now, I bet, you missed a number of opportunities to go out with your friends in a favor of internet communication, dont you?I to a fault bet that first there were only those you know in real life at your contact list, and now the number of those merely reaches 20%. Psychiatrists says that those who are not addict use internet only in order to predominate necessary information and keep in blot with their friends they knew before, but the addicts constantly surfing internet, without any important reason and multiplies the number of virtual friends theyve never met in the real life, and never will.Thus, internet is very winning for person as a way of escaping from the honesty through the anonymous interactions, which gives an fortune to express oneself without danger of existence ridicule or misunderstood. Its an fortune to bring to life some fantasies and desires with a feed nates, and, of course, numberless access to the information, so called informational necrosadism (http//www. thelanaddiction. com/the_origin_of_internet_addiction. html).The term addiction is borrowed from psychologists lexicon, to vehemence that internet attachment is a problem its not just a credit line or the way to spend time and communicate, and its a serious disorder of school principal and psychic. Internet is very attr brisk for teenagers as its tout ensemble anonymous. Teenagers often have an inferiority multiplex because of their style or other criterias, and internet gives them an opportunity to ascend soul mates, someone to share their feelings and hurt with. get-go it helps them not to feel lonely, but in time it turns them to hermit, and they lose their connection with real world, and may even out become maniacs. Some scientists distinguish 5 types of Internet colony Pornography Online games Online Gambling Onli ne obtain Chat rooms/Virtual dating addiction (http//www. thelanaddiction. com/types_of_internet_addiction. html). Over the past a few(prenominal) decades, an immense attention for the fruit and consumption of pornography has grown, with the increasing use of the VCR, the DVD, and the Internet, as well as the emergence of social attitudes much tolerant of sexual portrayals.Performers in pornography are referred to as pornographic actors (or actresses), or the more than prevalently known title porn star and are slackly seen as qualitatively contrastive from their mainstream counterparts. unskilled pornography has become widely familiar and by and large distributed via the Internet for free (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pornography). The second addiction is online games. Online games is defined as a roughhewn cause if computing machine addiction. It is consist of multi-player games via the internet. This is where the player assumes a character in the game and plays aga inst other people from all nigh the world.There are many internet games on the market and some of them have millions upon millions of players worldwide. The majority of the players baffling enjoy just a casual game aft(prenominal) school, work, or at weekends. A minority, however, have become so addicted, and alarmingly so, that they are spending upwards of 12 hours per day playing the game they are addicted to. Reports have come in that some people have been playing nigh the clock and not eating or quiescency for days and days because they do not desire to leave the ready reckoner and the character they are pretext to be (http//ezinearticles. com/? Types-of-Computer-Addiction&id=551846).Moreover, the rising of Flash and umber led to an Internet revolution where websites could utilize float video, audio, and a whole new set of user interactivity. When Microsoft began box Flash as a pre-installed fixings of IE, the Internet began to shift from data/information spectrum to alike gap on-demand entertainment. This revolution paved by the way for sites to hold out games to web surfers. Some online multiplayer games like globe of fight craft, Final Fantasy XI and line II charge a monthly fee to subscribe to their services, while games such as hostel Wars furnish an alternative no monthly fee scheme. umteen other sites relied on denote taxs from on site sponsors, while others, like RuneScape, let people play for free while leaving the players the option of paying, unlocking new content for the members. After the dot-com guggle break away in 2001, many sites solely relying on advertising revenue dollars faced extreme adversity. contempt the change magnitude profitability of online gaming websites, some sites have survived the fluctuate and market by offsetting the advertising revenue release by using the content as a cross-promotion tool for driving web visitors to other websites that the caller-out owns.The term online gaming in many circl es is being strictly defined to pick out games that do not involve wagering, although many still use the term online gaming synonymously with online gambling (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Online_game). The tertiary one is, online Gambling. These are possibly the most detrimental of all computer addictions. These millions of dollar a year businesses make their bullion by sucking addicts of their money. The beatify of possible winning by gambling is very real and has never been easier since the onset of online cassinos and other forms of online gambling. sound debts have been incurred by these computer addicts. Some have even lost everything, their family, homes, possessions, and even more extreme, their lives. There are organizations that specifically deal with this kind of computer addiction and they have helped many thousands of people to get rid of this damaging addiction and have been able to give advice on helping to pull their lives back together again (http//ezineartic les. com/? Types-of-Computer-Addiction&id=551846). There are 4 types of Online gambling, these are, online casinos, online sports betting, online keno and wide awake gambling.There are a large number of online casinos, in which people gutter play casino games such as roulette, blackjack, pachinko, baccarat and many others. These games are played against the house, which makes money due to the fact that the odds are in its favor. Online Sports Betting, bookmakers, interruption betting firms and betting exchanges tenderize a flesh of ways to wager over the Internet on the results of sporting events, the most popular being fixed-odds gambling. Online lotto is the game of keno played on the Internet. orbicular betting and Gaming consultants estimates the global hoggish gaming yield of lotto was $0. one thousand thousand USD in 2006 they approximate it will grow to $1. 0 billion USD by 2010. Unlike balls used in regular bingo halls, online bingo sites use a ergodic number g enerator. The online bingo play works almost exactly like playing online fire hook or online casino games with everything being virtual. Most bingo halls also offer links to online poker and casino offerings. One noted feature of online bingo is the chat functionality. roaring online bingo sites foster a sense of participation and interaction between players. And lastly, mobile gambling, it refers to gambling make on a remote wirelessly connected device.These devices ass complicate wireless tablet PCs, mobile phones and other non traditional mid-level networked computing devices. Some online casinos and online poker card rooms offer mobile options. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Online_gambling). The one-quarter internet addiction is online shopping, in this kind of addiction comes in the form of many kinds. There is the person who is addicted to buying particulars from the many online shops. Then there is the person who is addicted to auction type buying. each one could put a person in debt in a matter of seconds.Just one bust the mouse could take money from their course credit card and rack up enormous debts. This type of addiction usually starts with itty-bitty leverages and paying with their credit card. many an(prenominal) small purchases of this kind then add up to many thousands of dollars. The thrill of bidding on an item in an online auction and then overbidding just to win the item (which they may not rattling privation anyway) does cause addiction. Once the item has been bid on and won, a contract has been entered into. A very easy addiction to get into but very potent to get out once the debt has set in (http//ezinearticles. om/? Types-of-Computer-Addiction&id=551846). Furthermore, online shopping is the process of buying goods and services from merchants who fail on the Internet. Since the emergence of the World roomy Web, merchants have sought to sell their products to people who surf the Internet. Shoppers can visit web stor es from the comfort of their homes and shop as they sit in front of the computer. Consumers buy a cast of items from online stores. In fact, people can purchase just about anything from companies that provide their products online.Books, clothing, house appliances, toys, hardware, software, and health insurance are just some of the hundreds of products consumers can buy from an online store (http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-online-shopping. htm). (http//ezinearticles. com/? Types-of-Computer-Addiction&id=551846). Also, Virtual date Addiction is a disease of outsiders. One cant find person with the same interests, passions or suck ups in real life, among schoolmates, so he is look for them at chats, forums, ICQ. On the one hand its normal, it helps not to become a self-contain hermit, but on the other hand person lose connection with the real life.He or she has no need in it anymore, one already have a true friends, who cares theyre just a letters and symbols if they are soul-ma tes, but in a few month we have the same problem teenager becomes a hermit (http//www. thelanaddiction. com/types_of_internet_addiction. html). One symptom of Internet addiction is profligate time devoted to Internet use. A person might have trouble cutting down on his or her online time when they are threatened with poor grades or loss of a job. There have been cases reported of college students weakness courses because they would not take time off from Internet use to attend classes.Other symptoms of addiction may include lack of sleep, plopigue, declining grades or poor job performance, apathy, and hasten conceit. There may also be a lessen investment in social relationships and activities. A person may lie about how much time was spent online or pass over that they have a problem. They may be spotty when offline, or angry toward anyone who questions their time on the Internet (http//www. minddisorders. com/Flu-Inv/Internet-addiction-disorder. html). Skipping repasts. W hen you geld a meal just because youre enjoying what you are doing in front of the computer, your body reacts with what I like to call famine mode.What I entail by that is that our internal workings tell us that we need food to survive, and if we dont have it we must find it quickly. Even though we, ourselves, know that we can go at anytime of the day to get nutrients. Human nature hasnt evolved in such a way that we dont have primal human instincts and going too long without food makes us eat way too much at the next opportunity. any food that we do eat, after skipping a meal, will be stored as fats so that in the even of some other skipped meal (famine) we will be able to put across back on that stored fat for survival.The problem with this stored fat is that we never reach the point that we can twinge it off, so it translates on the scales in excess encumbrance. There are three major consequences of skipping a meal Poor Performance, Foggy Head and Binging (calorie loading) . However, stress is another contributor to people skipping meals. Stress hormones can genuinely stop the feeling of hunger. This doesnt beggarly that your body isnt starving for nutrients (http//www. inchesweightloss. com/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=85skipping-meals-is-never-a-good-idea&catid=12blog&Itemid=82). working with computers can sometimes be stressful.And transaction with computer stress is really no different than traffic with any other type of stress in life. The more you understand and focus upon the primeval causes computer stress, the better you will fare in laborious to cope with it. There are ten (10) coarse causes of computer related stress failing to sojourn Problems Trying to Get by on the tuppeny helplessness to Ask for Help Failing to consort to Stress as Feedback Trying to write out Corners phantasmagoric Expectations Beating Up On Yourself unnecessarily Conflicts with Other People Failing to Do Your cooking and compromise Y our Own or Others unity http//stresscure. com/hrn/common. html). Stress symptoms commonly include a assign of alarm and adrenaline production, short-term defense as a coping mechanism, and exhaustion, as well as irritability, muscular tension, inability to concentrate and a variety of physiological reactions such as trouble and exalted heart rate (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stress_(biology)))). Backache is one of the most common ailments prevalent today. Sedentary living habits, dangerous work patterns and psychological presumptions associated with emotional stress, which bring about cramp of the muscles, cause backaches.As the back bears the weight of the completed body, overweight persons feel the strain on the back when they have to carry an extra load. In most cases of backache, the pain is usually felt any in the middle of the back or write down down. It may spread to both sides of the waist and the hips. In a condition of acute pain, the patient is unable to p layact and is bedridden. somewhat 90% of backache patients suffer from what is called cervical and lumbar spondylosis. It is a degenerative disorder in which the different vertebrae adhere to each other through senseless unions. As a result of this, the spurring loses its flexibleness (http//www. ome-remedies-for-you. com/remedy/Backache. html). On the other hand, Internet habituation is also one of the signs or symptoms of being an internet addict. Internet Dependency is a term for excessive use of the Internet to the detriment of ones physical, psychological, social, or vocational well- being. The majority of Americans and well-nigh all college students now use the Internet as a source of information and entertainment on at least an occasional basis. Most use it on a regular basis without nice dependent upon it. However, for some, involvement on the internet begins to have serious, disconfirming consequences.When such consequences are minimized or cut while Internet use in creases, Internet dependency is occurring. Excessive Internet use may undulate virtually chat rooms, pornography database searches blogging gambling gaming shopping or any number of other online activities. As of 2005, it is estimated that 6% of users are Internet dependent. macrocosm too dependent on the internet may also lead us to Tolerance, onanism and impelled go for of Internet that may aggrieve ourselves (http//www. villanova. edu/studentlife/counselingcenter/infosheets/psych_topics. htm? page=internet_depend. tm). Withdrawal can refer to any sort of breakup, but is most commonly used to describe the group of symptoms that occurs upon the abrupt discontinuation/separation or a decrease in social disease of the ambition of medications, recreational drugs, and/or alcohol or not in front of the computer. The individual feels very uncomfortable, exceptionable or irritable if not engage in the behavior after sometime. Compulsive Use or Craving. The individual feels a st rong get need or urge to engage in the behavior, and thenceforth plans for the next opportunity to perform the behavior.About 25% of the people in the world are active Internet users. More than 100 million Facebook users log on at least once per day. cabaret blogs are created each minute. As advancements in Internet technology continue to make the world littler and smaller, new users are plugging into the Net at an implausible pace. But what happens when these users are logging too often? Where do you draw the line between atoxic and harmful? Many experts today are inquire these questions about Internet usage. The internet can be a valuable tool for accessing information, do connections, and maintaining relationships.People all over the world use their cell phones, laptops, and home computers to access the Internet and come apart out in all directions on the information superhighway. But for some, one wrong turn changes the Internet from a mode of communication to a medium o f compulsion. Of course, this process seems a little extreme for the terrene Internet user. But think about it have you ever felt that nagging urge to stamp down your e-mail or Facebook on your iPhone right after you canvass it on your laptop? Does receiving a new e-mail or stumbling upon a new website put a smile on your face? sometimes round-eyed daily pleasure like hese can lento lead to serious compulsive behaviors (http//neuroanthropology. net/2009/05/28/caught-in-the-net-the-internet-compulsion/). Along with all the positive diverge of the Internet, there will always be some negative effects on it. Carpal dig Syndrome or median neuropathy is a painful reform-minded condition caused by compression of a key case in the wrist. It occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the hand, becomes press or squeezed at the wrist. Symptoms usually start gradually, with pain, weakness, or nonchalance in the hand and wrist, radiating up the arm.As symptoms wors en, people might feel prickle during the day, decreased grip strength may make it punishing to form a fist, grasp small objects, or perform other manual tasks. In some cases no direct cause of the syndrome can be identified. Most likely the disorder is due to a congenital predisposition the carpal cut into is just now smaller in some people than in others. However, the risk of developing carpal burrow syndrome especially, common in those performing assembly line work (http//www. ninds. nih. gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/carpal_tunnel. htm). Dry Eyes Syndrome is a chronic lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture in the eye.Its consequences direct from pernicious but constant irritation to opthalmic ignition system of the anterior (front) tissues of the eye. Dry eyes also are described by the medical term, keratitis sicca, which generally meaning decreased quality or bill of tears. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca refers to eye dryness affecting the cornea and conjunctiva (http/ /www. allaboutvision. com/conditions/dryeye. htm). hemicrania annoying is a form of vascular business organization. Migraine headache is caused by vasodilatation (enlargement of blood vessels) that causes the release of chemicals from nerve fibers that genus Helix around the large arteries of the brain.Enlargement of these blood vessels stretches the poise that squiggle around them and causes the nerves to release chemicals. The chemicals cause inflammation, pain, and gain enlargement of the artery. The increasing enlargement of the arteries magnifies the pain. Migraine attacks commonly activate the sympathetic nervous trunk of rules in the body. The sympathetic nervous system is often thought of as the part of the nervous system that controls autochthonic responses to stress and pain, the so-called fight or course response, and this activation causes many of the symptomsInternet AddictionInternet Addiction The use of the Internet on school campuses and in society has inc reased dramatically in recent years. Whereas the academic use of the Internet is primarily intended for learning and research, the Internet is primarily intended for learning and research. However, from time to time, cases of over involvement with the Internet have been observed on different campuses. The internet is not a habit. Its an indelible feature of modern life. Internet Addiction incommode (IAD) was originally proposed as a disorder in a satirical hoax by Ivan Goldberg, M.D. , in 1995. He took pathological gambling as diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM- IV) as his model for the description of IAD. It is not however included in the current DSM as of 2009. IAD receives coverage in the press and possible future classification as a psychological disorder continues to be debated and researched. Online Activities which, if through in person, would normally be considered troublesome, such as compulsive gambling or shopping, are sometimes c alled net compulsions.Others, such as reading or playing computer games, are troubling only to the extent that these activities interfere with normal life. Supporters of disorder classification often divide IAD into subtypes by activity, such as excessive viewing of pornography, overwhelming and excessive gaming, inappropriate involvement in online social networking sites or blogging, and internet shopping addiction. One counter argument is that compulsive behaviors may not themselves be addictive (http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder). In some respects, addictive use of the Internet resembles other so-called process addictions, in which a person is addicted to an activity or behavior rather than a substance (mood-altering drugs, tobacco, food, etc). People who develop problems with their Internet use may start off using the Internet on a casual basis and then progress to using the technology in dysfunctional ways. Many people believe that spending large amounts of time on the Internet is a core feature of the disorder.The amount of time by itself, however, is not as important a factor as the ways in which the persons Internet use is interfering with their daily functioning. Use of the Internet may interfere with the persons social life, school work, or job-related tasks at work. In addition, cases have been reported of persons entering to be a patient with that disorder in order to get attention or sympathy. Treatment options often mirror those for other addictions. Although only a limited amount of research has been done on this disorder, the treatments that have been used appear to be effective (http//www. inddisorders. com/Flu-Inv/Internet-addiction-disorder. html). Dr. Goldberg pointed out two main characteristics of IA using the Internet leads to constant bother and damages physical, interpersonal, social status. People believe IA is just like the drug or cigarette addiction, but the psychiatrists believe its just like the gaming add iction. About 83 million Americans were connected to Internet in August 1999, by the year 2000 the number of those increased by 12 million. As the number of internet users increase, the number of internet addicts increases, and problems it causes.It is a disaster, because we only know a very few about the true nature of the internet addiction and treatment methods. According to statistic research every second internet user is an internet addict, they spend their lives at chats, forums, online games and other internet services. They cut their words and sentences to a couple of letters like AFK, BB, and MU, to save the time for internet searching. The majority of internet addicts are teenagers people that are just have started their life, which need to stay open air as long as it is possible to grow up strong, smart and intelligent.But they spent their time sitting in front of the gleaming monitor, talking to virtual friends about the virtual problems of virtual people whom they have never even seen with their own eyes, and probably never will. They recognize the world through Internet information, written by faceless someone for faceless anyone. When they need a book they never go to library, instead they go to Yandex or Google, write the name of the author and the novel they need and here you go, the digital copy of eternal Dostoevskys Idiot minimized from a hundreds of pages to a couple of kilobytes.The glimmer of the monitor leads to the visual impairment, anorexia. Coffee, that helps internet users to keep their selves vigil, causes the stomach upset. Its an irreversible process that changes the whole nature of human psychic and physic. As you can see the internet addiction is an extremely dangerous disease, and its very important to know how to recognize it, in order to help and save those you care about (http//www. thelanaddiction. com/index. html). According to Grohol (1999), si ce the aspects of the Internet where people are spending the greatest amount of time online has to do with social interactions, it would appear that socialization is what makes the Internet so addicting. Thats rightplain old hanging out with other people and talking with them. Whether its via e-mail, a discussion form, chat, or a game online (such as MUD), people are spending this time exchanging information, support, and chit-chat with other people just like themselves. Would we ever characterize any time spent in the real world with friends as addicting?Of course not, teenagers talk on the phone for hours on end, with other people they see every day Do we say they are addicted to the telephone? Of course not, people lose hours at a time, immersed in a book, ignoring friends and family, and often not even picking up the phone when it rings. Do we say they are addicted to the book? Of course not, if some clinicians and researchers are now going to start defining addiction as social interactions, then every real-world social relationship we have is an addict ive one.Also, in potential explanations for pathological use, Young (1996) initiated telephone surveys to formally study pathological Internet use (PIU) based upon modified criteria of Pathological Gambling defined in the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1995). Case studies showed that Dependents classified used the Internet an average of thirty-eight hours per week for non-academic or non-employment related purposes which caused detrimental effects such as poor grade performance among students, discord among couples, and reduce work performance among employees.This is compared to non-addicts in this study who used the Internet an average of eight hours per week with no substantive consequences reported. Subsequent research on PIU based upon a self report determination of addiction was conducted utilizing online survey methods. Brenner (1996) received 185 responses in one month to his online survey regarding behavior patterns associated with the Internet. His survey showed that 17% used the Internet more than 40 hours per week, 58% said that others had complained about their excessive net usage, and 46% indicated getting less than 4 hours of sleep per night due to late night log ins.Egger (1996) received 450 responses to his online survey. Self-professed addicts in this study often looked forward their next net session, felt nervous when offline, lied about their online use, easily lost track of time, and felt the Internet caused problems on their jobs, finances, and socially. Steve Thompson (1996) developed the McSurvey which yielded 104 valid responses. Among respondents to his online survey, 72% felt addicted and 33% felt their internet usage had a negative effect on their lives.Surveys conducted on college campuses (Morhan-Martin, 1997 Scherer, 1997) also supported that students suffered significant academic and relationships impairment due to excessive and uncontrolled Internet usage. Formal Computer/Internet addiction treatment centers have bee n established at such clinical setting as Proctor Hospital in Peoria, Illinois and Harvard affiliate McLean Hospital in response to the serious impairment caused by PIU. The Internet itself is a term which represents different types of functions that are accessible online.Therefore, before discussing addictive nature of the Internet, one must examine the types of applications being used. When dependents were asked What applications do you most utilize on the Internet? , 35% indicated chat rooms, 28% MUDs, 15% News groups, 13% E-mail, 7% WWW, and 2% Information Protocols (e. g. gopher, ftp, etc. ). Upon examination, traditional information protocols and Web pages were the least utilized among Dependents compared to over 90% of respondents who became addicted to the two way communication functions chat rooms, MUDs, news groups.Or e-mail. This makes the case that the database searches, while interesting and often times time-consuming are not actual reasons Dependents become addicted to the Internet. Chat rooms and MUDs were the two most utilized mediums which both allow multiple online users to simultaneously communicate in real time similar to having a telephone conversation except in the form of typed messages. Over 1,000 users can occupy a single virtual area. Text scrolls quickly up the screen with answers, questions, or comments to one another.Privatized messages are another available option which allows only a single user to read message sent. Multi-user Dungeons, more commonly known as MUDs, differ from chat rooms as these are an electronic spin off the old Dungeon and Dragons games where players take on character roles. There are literally hundreds of different MUDs ranging in themes from space battles to medieval duels. In order to log into a MUD, a user maidens or buys weapons in a make believe role playing game (http//www. healthyplace. com/addictions/center-for-internet-addiction-recovery/what-makes-the-internet-addictive/menu-id-1105/page-2/).The ini tial idea behind the internet started in 1961. However, in 1993 the Internet experienced one of its largest growths and today is accessible and used by people everywhere in the world (http//www. teen-beauty-tips. com/internet-addiction. html). 21st century is distinguished with the high rate of business person. High rate of technical progress demands from us quick reaction on external changes of the world, economy and the way of life. Things that are urgent today become totally unnecessary tomorrow, so it takes much time and powers to keep in line.This constant wild race for new information, new welfare, and for being first leaves us no time for normal life, for going out with our friends, visiting the libraries, visiting our relatives, reading books, news papers, watching films, not only news. We have no time for all that, but we still have a desire to get it, so were looking for ways to get it with the minimal loss of time and maximal grant of pleasure. Modern science made it poss ible. Our dreams became true, we can buy books, films, cloth, visit different countries and our relatives, and reach our friend from the far away without leaving our flats, even without leaving our chairs.We have an Internet. With the help of internet we fill the emptiness inside us, we compensate the lack of communication and attention we need. Internet saves us from the loneliness we feel. We spend too much time working hardly so we have no strength for our pleasures. But we always have time and strength for internet, because its fun, informative and easy, it relaxes us. Therefore, its just a one side of the medal. With the lapse of time it becomes integral part of our life, you keep thinking about persons you met there, and you have no other connection with, and youre dying to chat with them again.Thats how it starts. You may say its okay to care about someone, about your friends, and theres nothing terrible they are just words at the contact list if behind them are real people, people you care about. Of course theres nothing terrible, if its just like you say, but just for a minute try to think over, try to remember lust 6 months of your life. First you used internet to communicate with your friends because you were too exhausted to go out and had no time, but now, I bet, you missed a number of opportunities to go out with your friends in a favor of internet communication, dont you?I also bet that first there were only those you know in real life at your contact list, and now the number of those hardly reaches 20%. Psychiatrists says that those who are not addict use internet only in order to find necessary information and keep in touch with their friends they knew before, but the addicts constantly surfing internet, without any important reason and multiplies the number of virtual friends theyve never met in the real life, and never will.Thus, internet is very attractive for person as a way of escaping from the reality through the anonymous interactions, which gives an opportunity to express oneself without risk of being ridicule or misunderstood. Its an opportunity to bring to life some fantasies and desires with a feedback, and, of course, unlimited access to the information, so called informational necrosadism (http//www. thelanaddiction. com/the_origin_of_internet_addiction. html).The term addiction is borrowed from psychologists lexicon, to stress that internet attachment is a problem its not just a hobby or the way to spend time and communicate, and its a serious disorder of mind and psychic. Internet is very attractive for teenagers as its totally anonymous. Teenagers often have an inferiority complex because of their appearance or other criterias, and internet gives them an opportunity to find soul mates, someone to share their feelings and pain with.First it helps them not to feel lonely, but in time it turns them to hermit, and they lose their connection with real world, and may even become maniacs. Some scientists disting uish 5 types of Internet Addiction Pornography Online games Online Gambling Online Shopping Chat rooms/Virtual dating addiction (http//www. thelanaddiction. com/types_of_internet_addiction. html). Over the past few decades, an immense industry for the production and consumption of pornography has grown, with the increasing use of the VCR, the DVD, and the Internet, as well as the emergence of social attitudes more tolerant of sexual portrayals.Performers in pornography are referred to as pornographic actors (or actresses), or the more commonly known title porn star and are generally seen as qualitatively different from their mainstream counterparts. Amateur pornography has become widely popular and generally distributed via the Internet for free (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pornography). The second addiction is online games. Online games is defined as a common cause if computer addiction. It is consist of multi-player games via the internet. This is where the player assumes a char acter in the game and plays against other people from all around the world.There are many internet games on the market and some of them have millions upon millions of players worldwide. The majority of the players involved enjoy just a casual game after school, work, or at weekends. A minority, however, have become so addicted, and alarmingly so, that they are spending upwards of 12 hours per day playing the game they are addicted to. Reports have come in that some people have been playing around the clock and not eating or sleeping for days and days because they do not want to leave the computer and the character they are pretending to be (http//ezinearticles. com/? Types-of-Computer-Addiction&id=551846).Moreover, the rising of Flash and Java led to an Internet revolution where websites could utilize streaming video, audio, and a whole new set of user interactivity. When Microsoft began packaging Flash as a pre-installed component of IE, the Internet began to shift from data/inform ation spectrum to also offer on-demand entertainment. This revolution paved by the way for sites to offer games to web surfers. Some online multiplayer games like World of War craft, Final Fantasy XI and Lineage II charge a monthly fee to subscribe to their services, while games such as Guild Wars offer an alternative no monthly fee scheme.Many other sites relied on advertising revenues from on site sponsors, while others, like RuneScape, let people play for free while leaving the players the option of paying, unlocking new content for the members. After the dot-com bubble burst in 2001, many sites solely relying on advertising revenue dollars faced extreme adversity. Despite the decreasing profitability of online gaming websites, some sites have survived the fluctuating and market by offsetting the advertising revenue loss by using the content as a cross-promotion tool for driving web visitors to other websites that the company owns.The term online gaming in many circles is being s trictly defined to describe games that do not involve wagering, although many still use the term online gaming synonymously with online gambling (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Online_game). The third one is, online Gambling. These are possibly the most damaging of all computer addictions. These millions of dollar a year businesses make their money by sucking addicts of their money. The thrill of possible winning by gambling is very real and has never been easier since the onset of online casinos and other forms of online gambling.Serious debts have been incurred by these computer addicts. Some have even lost everything, their family, homes, possessions, and even more extreme, their lives. There are organizations that specifically deal with this kind of computer addiction and they have helped many thousands of people to get rid of this damaging addiction and have been able to give advice on helping to pull their lives back together again (http//ezinearticles. com/? Types-of-Computer- Addiction&id=551846). There are 4 types of Online gambling, these are, online casinos, online sports betting, online bingo and mobile gambling.There are a large number of online casinos, in which people can play casino games such as roulette, blackjack, pachinko, baccarat and many others. These games are played against the house, which makes money due to the fact that the odds are in its favor. Online Sports Betting, bookmakers, spread betting firms and betting exchanges offer a variety of ways to wager over the Internet on the results of sporting events, the most popular being fixed-odds gambling. Online bingo is the game of bingo played on the Internet. Global betting and Gaming consultants estimates the global gross gaming yield of bingo was $0. billion USD in 2006 they forecast it will grow to $1. 0 billion USD by 2010. Unlike balls used in regular bingo halls, online bingo sites use a random number generator. The online bingo play works almost exactly like playing online poker or online casino games with everything being virtual. Most bingo halls also offer links to online poker and casino offerings. One notable feature of online bingo is the chat functionality. Successful online bingo sites foster a sense of community and interaction between players. And lastly, mobile gambling, it refers to gambling done on a remote wirelessly connected device.These devices can include wireless tablet PCs, mobile phones and other non traditional mid-level networked computing devices. Some online casinos and online poker card rooms offer mobile options. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Online_gambling). The Fourth internet addiction is online shopping, in this kind of addiction comes in the form of many kinds. There is the person who is addicted to buying items from the many online shops. Then there is the person who is addicted to auction type buying. Either one could put a person in debt in a matter of seconds.Just one click the mouse could take money from their credit c ard and rack up enormous debts. This type of addiction usually starts with small purchases and paying with their credit card. Many small purchases of this kind then add up to many thousands of dollars. The thrill of bidding on an item in an online auction and then overbidding just to win the item (which they may not really want anyway) does cause addiction. Once the item has been bid on and won, a contract has been entered into. A very easy addiction to get into but very hard to get out once the debt has set in (http//ezinearticles. om/? Types-of-Computer-Addiction&id=551846). Furthermore, online shopping is the process of buying goods and services from merchants who sell on the Internet. Since the emergence of the World Wide Web, merchants have sought to sell their products to people who surf the Internet. Shoppers can visit web stores from the comfort of their homes and shop as they sit in front of the computer. Consumers buy a variety of items from online stores. In fact, people can purchase just about anything from companies that provide their products online.Books, clothing, household appliances, toys, hardware, software, and health insurance are just some of the hundreds of products consumers can buy from an online store (http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-online-shopping. htm). (http//ezinearticles. com/? Types-of-Computer-Addiction&id=551846). Also, Virtual Dating Addiction is a disease of outsiders. One cant find person with the same interests, passions or views in real life, among schoolmates, so he is looking for them at chats, forums, ICQ. On the one hand its normal, it helps not to become a self-contain hermit, but on the other hand person lose connection with the real life.He or she has no need in it anymore, one already have a true friends, who cares theyre just a letters and symbols if they are soul-mates, but in a few month we have the same problem teenager becomes a hermit (http//www. thelanaddiction. com/types_of_internet_addiction. html). On e symptom of Internet addiction is excessive time devoted to Internet use. A person might have difficulty cutting down on his or her online time when they are threatened with poor grades or loss of a job. There have been cases reported of college students failing courses because they would not take time off from Internet use to attend classes.Other symptoms of addiction may include lack of sleep, fatigue, declining grades or poor job performance, apathy, and racing thought. There may also be a decreased investment in social relationships and activities. A person may lie about how much time was spent online or deny that they have a problem. They may be irritable when offline, or angry toward anyone who questions their time on the Internet (http//www. minddisorders. com/Flu-Inv/Internet-addiction-disorder. html). Skipping meals. When you skip a meal just because youre enjoying what you are doing in front of the computer, your body reacts with what I like to call famine mode.What I mea n by that is that our internal workings tell us that we need food to survive, and if we dont have it we must find it quickly. Even though we, ourselves, know that we can go at anytime of the day to get nutrients. Human nature hasnt evolved in such a way that we dont have primal human instincts and going too long without food makes us eat way too much at the next opportunity. Any food that we do eat, after skipping a meal, will be stored as fats so that in the even of another skipped meal (famine) we will be able to fall back on that stored fat for survival.The problem with this stored fat is that we never reach the point that we can burn it off, so it translates on the scales in excess weight. There are three major consequences of skipping a meal Poor Performance, Foggy Head and Binging (calorie loading). However, stress is another contributor to people skipping meals. Stress hormones can actually stop the feeling of hunger. This doesnt mean that your body isnt starving for nutrient s (http//www. inchesweightloss. com/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=85skipping-meals-is-never-a-good-idea&catid=12blog&Itemid=82). Working with computers can sometimes be stressful.And dealing with computer stress is really no different than dealing with any other type of stress in life. The more you understand and focus upon the underlying causes computer stress, the better you will fare in trying to cope with it. There are ten (10) common causes of computer related stress Failing to Anticipate Problems Trying to Get by on the Cheap Failing to Ask for Help Failing to Relate to Stress as Feedback Trying to Cut Corners Unrealistic Expectations Beating Up On Yourself Unnecessarily Conflicts with Other People Failing to Do Your Homework and Compromising Your Own or Others Integrity http//stresscure. com/hrn/common. html). Stress symptoms commonly include a state of alarm and adrenaline production, short-term resistance as a coping mechanism, and exhaustion, as well as ir ritability, muscular tension, inability to concentrate and a variety of physiological reactions such as headache and elevated heart rate (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stress_(biology)))). Backache is one of the most common ailments prevalent today. Sedentary living habits, hazardous work patterns and psychological conditions associated with emotional stress, which bring about spasm of the muscles, cause backaches.As the back bears the weight of the entire body, overweight persons feel the strain on the back when they have to carry an extra load. In most cases of backache, the pain is usually felt either in the middle of the back or lower down. It may spread to both sides of the waist and the hips. In a condition of acute pain, the patient is unable to move and is bedridden. About 90% of backache patients suffer from what is called cervical and lumbar spondylosis. It is a degenerative disorder in which the different vertebrae adhere to each other through bony unions. As a result of this, the spine loses its flexibility (http//www. ome-remedies-for-you. com/remedy/Backache. html). On the other hand, Internet Dependency is also one of the signs or symptoms of being an internet addict. Internet Dependency is a term for excessive use of the Internet to the detriment of ones physical, psychological, social, or vocational well- being. The majority of Americans and virtually all college students now use the Internet as a source of information and entertainment on at least an occasional basis. Most use it on a regular basis without becoming dependent upon it. However, for some, involvement on the internet begins to have serious, negative consequences.When such consequences are minimized or ignored while Internet use increases, Internet dependency is occurring. Excessive Internet use may revolve around chat rooms, pornography database searches blogging gambling gaming shopping or any number of other online activities. As of 2005, it is estimated that 6% of users are In ternet dependent. Being too dependent on the internet may also lead us to Tolerance, Withdrawal and Compulsive Use of Internet that may harm ourselves (http//www. villanova. edu/studentlife/counselingcenter/infosheets/psych_topics. htm? page=internet_depend. tm). Withdrawal can refer to any sort of separation, but is most commonly used to describe the group of symptoms that occurs upon the abrupt discontinuation/separation or a decrease in dosage of the intake of medications, recreational drugs, and/or alcohol or not in front of the computer. The individual feels very uncomfortable, obnoxious or irritable if not engaged in the behavior after sometime. Compulsive Use or Craving. The individual feels a strong compelling need or urge to engage in the behavior, and thereafter plans for the next opportunity to perform the behavior.About 25% of the people in the world are active Internet users. More than 100 million Facebook users log on at least once per day. Nine blogs are created each minute. As advancements in Internet technology continue to make the world smaller and smaller, new users are plugging into the Net at an unbelievable pace. But what happens when these users are logging too often? Where do you draw the line between harmless and harmful? Many experts today are asking these questions about Internet usage. The internet can be a valuable tool for accessing information, making connections, and maintaining relationships.People all over the world use their cell phones, laptops, and home computers to access the Internet and branch out in all directions on the information superhighway. But for some, one wrong turn changes the Internet from a mode of communication to a medium of compulsion. Of course, this process seems a little extreme for the everyday Internet user. But think about it have you ever felt that nagging urge to check your email or Facebook on your iPhone right after you checked it on your laptop? Does receiving a new e-mail or stumbling upon a n ew website put a smile on your face? Sometimes simple daily pleasure like hese can slowly lead to serious compulsive behaviors (http//neuroanthropology. net/2009/05/28/caught-in-the-net-the-internet-compulsion/). Along with all the positive influence of the Internet, there will always be some negative effects on it. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome or median neuropathy is a painful progressive condition caused by compression of a key nerve in the wrist. It occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. Symptoms usually start gradually, with pain, weakness, or numbness in the hand and wrist, radiating up the arm.As symptoms worsen, people might feel tingling during the day, decreased grip strength may make it difficult to form a fist, grasp small objects, or perform other manual tasks. In some cases no direct cause of the syndrome can be identified. Most likely the disorder is due to a congenital predisposition the carpal tun nel is simply smaller in some people than in others. However, the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome especially, common in those performing assembly line work (http//www. ninds. nih. gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/carpal_tunnel. htm). Dry Eyes Syndrome is a chronic lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture in the eye.Its consequences range from subtle but constant irritation to ocular inflammation of the anterior (front) tissues of the eye. Dry eyes also are described by the medical term, keratitis sicca, which generally means decreased quality or quantity of tears. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca refers to eye dryness affecting the cornea and conjunctiva (http//www. allaboutvision. com/conditions/dryeye. htm). Migraine Headache is a form of vascular headache. Migraine headache is caused by vasodilatation (enlargement of blood vessels) that causes the release of chemicals from nerve fibers that coil around the large arteries of the brain.Enlargement of these blood vessels stretches the nerves that coil around them and causes the nerves to release chemicals. The chemicals cause inflammation, pain, and further enlargement of the artery. The increasing enlargement of the arteries magnifies the pain. Migraine attacks commonly activate the sympathetic nervous system in the body. The sympathetic nervous system is often thought of as the part of the nervous system that controls primitive responses to stress and pain, the so-called fight or flight response, and this activation causes many of the symptoms