Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Essay

Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Self-efficacy is an individual’s cognitive estimate of his or her â€Å"capabilities to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources and courses of action needed to exercise control over events in their lives† (Wood & Bandura 1989). One important effect of self-efficacy is on the chice of behavior settings, where individuals tend to choose situations in which they anticipate high personal control but avoid situations in which they anticipate low control. Starting one’s own business is often described as purposive and intentional career choice. Although there can be a wide variety of contextual as well as individual factors that influence the entrepreneurial choice, the role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy has been emphasized as a key antecedent . Bandura (1977b. 1986) distinguished his social learning theory from many traditional psychological theories by emphasizing reciprocal causation among cognition, behavior and environment, where we found that the notion of reciprocal causation is important in understanding self-efficacy and its determinants and effects. One of the researches conducted on the effects of self-efficacy found that self-efficacy is the most effective predictor of performance. This study had shown that people with high self-efficacy have more intrinsic interest in the tasks, are more willing to expend their effort and show more persistence in the face of obstacles. As a result, they perform more effectively. Performance and performance accomplishments are also considered to be determinants of self-efficacy. And the self-efficacy affects performance through interest, motivation and perseverance, whereas performance provides feedback information on the basis of which self-efficacy is further evaluated and modified. Concerning the Expectancy theory and self-efficacy we find that self-efficacy is about the execution of action, not its outcome. It is about all the internal factors that bear influence on the execution of actions, where a low self-efficacy may mean a belief that one cannot execute the behavior because one does n ot have the required cognitive and emotional abilities to mobilize effort. Whereas self-efficacy is a broader concept than effort-performance expectancy, it is considered more specific than locus of control, belief-based personality variable. Self-efficacy can be affected by two important distinctions: First: locus of control measures not only behavioral but also outcome control, while sel-efficacy concerns only behavioral control. Secondly: internal versus external locus of control is generalized construct covering a variety of situations, while self-efficacy is task specific, examining the individual’s conviction that he or she can perform a specific task at a specific level of expertise. Bandaru (1982) maintained that although self-efficacy is task specific, it can also be generative, that is self-efficacy with respect to one task may be generalized to another task. Regardless of the specificity of the task domain, assessment of efficacy has to be at the specific task level to maintain its predictive power. According to Gist (1987 p.481), he reflected that â€Å"it would be more promising to generalize self-efficacy perceptions by aggregating across a number of related but domain specific measures than by attempting to devise a broad omnibus test†. One of the most important ways of measuring self-efficacy of a broader domain is to develop a conceptual framework of task requirements on the basis of which self-efficacy of a domain is aggregated from self-efficacy of various constituent sub domains. The self-efficacy perspective is highly appropriate for the study of the entrepreneur. Where the entrepreneur self-efficacy (ESE) refers to the strength of an individual’s beliefs that he or she is capable of successfully performing the roles and tasks of an entrepreneur. For its effect on behavior choice and performance, self-efficacy is widely claimed to have greater predictive power than constructs that lack task-specificity. This implies that ESE should distinguish entrepreneurs better than do global personality traits. According to several authors and researchers, there are six entrepreneurial roles were identified, which are: innovator, risk taker and bearer, executive manager, relation builder, risk reducer and goal achiever.

Sociology

My thesis statement for my classification essay is these three core values of Honor, Courage, and Commitment can benefit our society if we influence and guide our children to live by righteousness by incorporating core values that will help them be a successful citizen. This thesis statement supports my topic of this for this essay. The topic I chose is In order for society to evolve and learn from its mistakes, we must teach our future generation to have values that affect society in a positive and influential way.The categories of lactation's will use to support my classification essay will be Honor, Courage, and commitment and the way these values can influence the development of children character in a positive way by understanding who they are, what they stand for, and where are they going in life. The point I will be trying to make will be that parent need to be leaders an there children lives because they are our future and without good values from their parent it can influenc es their children to make wrong decisions that untimely impacts our society in a negative way.As parents if we are able to connect with our children early on and allow them to discover themselves with positive reinforcement from core values we can help them succeed in life and challenges that can adversely challenge them. Am trying to pursue parents to start guiding and teaching core values to their children before they are influenced by negative values that can harm them in the long run. Therefore, my essay will address good core values that can be beneficial the children in a positive way. Sociology Macro sociology- large scale patterns Ex: Illness: macro could be you get sick and have a lot of doctor bills macro could be there aren't room in hospitals for all the sick people Ex: unemployment: macro could be you don't have any money to buy yourself clothes macro could be a recession BC people don't have Jobs Why study sociology? Making informed decisions, understanding diversity, social and public policies, thinking critically, and expands career opportunities. Making Informed decisions Sociological knowledge will help you make Informed decisions Second guess common sense claims Methods as a criteriaSee the big picture understanding diversity Central theme in sociology Leads to understanding differing characteristics Social and public polices Be able to engage in social change Society Research Theoretical perspectives Involved in applied, clinical, and policy settings Thinking critically Enhances knowledge and problem solving Takes into consideration all views and data Expands c areer opportunities Sociologists find careers in Administrative support Management Social services Counseling Sales and marketing Origins of sociological theory Augusta Comet Papa of sociology Coined term Info should be empiricalInfo should be based on data Saw sociology as study of Social static Ex: education and politics Social dynamics Change over time Harriet Martinets The mother of sociology Translated the work of Comet Wrote the 1st sociology methods book Data collection Objection analysis A feminist and opponent of slavery and rights to elderly Dismissed as too radical Emilee Druthers Believed in the study of social facts Discussed division of labor in society Researched social integration Druthers social facts Believed sociology should study social facts Social facts are external and measurable 3 types: material-demographic on material- communication social currents Druthers Division of Labor Division of labor connects to social solidarity Division of labor-interdependence o f tasks Social solidarity-social cohesiveness Druthers Social Integration First study of data to support a sociological theory Suicide meaningful relationships=vicissitudeAsk some Karl Marx Capitalism Class conflict Alienation Marx: Capitalism Said capitalism produces division Capitalism: ownership of means of production in private hands Breeds 3 social classes Capitalists-owners Petit bourgeoisie-small business owners Proletariat-masses of workers Marx: class conflict Society comprised of haves and have onto Capitalism leads to class conflict haves: exploit workers have onto: resist but depend on haves Bloody revolution lead to classlessness Marx: Alienation Capitalism leads to alienation Alienation- feeling of separation from society Both classes are alienated Proletariat b/c they don't own Capitalists b/c purely profile ? Akers HOW: read rest of chi 1 Tuesday September 2 Thinking Like a Sociologist (chi 1 part 2) Max Weber: Social Organization Society is shaped and changed by: Id eas, religious values, ideologies, and charismatic leaders Understand society wrought Social organization and interrelationships Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism Max Weber: Subjective understanding Subjective understanding of behavior Overstress Direct observational understanding Explanatory understanding Max Weber: value- free sociology Value free sociology Separate personal from the scientific Provide knowledge not personal ideology Jane Adams Co-founded the Hull House (social worker) Leader in the peace prize winner Nobel peace prize winner Contributed to symbolic interactions and criminally Ignored by her male colleagues W. E. B.DUBOS Wrote books on African and black Americans Received PhD from Harvard Helped found NAACP Race problem one of ignorance Seen as radical Beef with Book T. Washington Contemporary Theories Functionalism Conflict theory Feminist theory Symbolic Interaction Functionalism: Overview Founders Comet and Druthers Interdependent parts working toge ther Spence's organic analogy Vital organs functioning together Functionalism: society as a social system Society is composed of major institutions: Like education, government, and more Have structures, organized units Connected Where behavior occurs Functionalism: functions and dysfunctions Each structure has functionsPurposes and activities Contribute to stability and survival Organized units also have dysfunctions Patterns with a negative impact Functionalism: manifest and Latent functions Two kinds of functions Manifest Intended and recognized Latent Unintended and unrecognized Criticisms of functionalism Glosses over inequality of power Narrow view White middle class male lens Application of functionalism to fashion Fashion houses show new styles every season Some catch on and are adopted Wealthy distinguish themselves through fashion Functions to distinguish between classes Conflict Theory overview Emphasizes how and why groups Disagree, struggle, and compete Sees disagreement and change positively Conflict theory: sources of conflict Source of economic inequality race, gender, and other factors acknowledges society functions but asks: Who benefits? Who is at a disadvantage?Conflict Theory: on social inequality Society as a system of Widespread inequality Tensions Between haves and have onto Criticisms of Conflict Theory Overemphasized competition At expense of cooperation Have onto can increase their power Presents a negative view of society Application of Conflict Theory to Fashion Fashion is a way big players a make profit Introduce new options to keep people buying Distracts workers from larger problems Maintain equilibrium Feminist Theory overview Takes conflict theory a step further Women suffer injustice Believe in fair and equal treatment by: Gender, race, age, and more Frees women from traditional expectations Feminist Theory: research on women Lack of research about women Not until after the sass was their research on: Gender roles, fathers, or partner violence Feminist theory: many perspectives Liberal-social and legal reform Radical- male dominance in institutions Global- intersection in developing Critiques of Feminist theoryAvoids different points of view Focus on white female middle class Downplays social class Focus on personal issues Application of Feminist theory to fashion Fashion as patriarchy Takes time and money Fashion imprisons women Symbolic Interactions overview Micro-level perspective analyzing behavior: Knowledge, ideas, beliefs and attitudes People interpret or define actions Symbolic Interactions: constructing meaning Society is socially constructed Meaning is created and modified through social interaction People take into account others in behavior Symbolic Interactions: symbols and shared meaning Subjective interpersonal meaning of symbols Words, gestures, or pictures That stand for something Have different meanings Effective interaction involves: Shared meanings-agreed on definitions Definition of the situation-> perception and reaction to reality Definition of the situation taught by Significant others-relatives and friends Critiques of Symbolic interactions Overlooks macro level factors Optimistic and unrealistic view of choices Ignores the irrational and unconscious Application of symbolic interactions to fashion Clothes as symbols Helps communicate: Who we are Who others are HOW: chi 2 pas 21-30Thursday Seep 4 Examining Our Social World Social Research Social research Has systematic rules and procedures Scientific Method Involves: Exact measurement Accurate recording Once data is collected researchers Conduct an analysis Interpret If possible generalize Basic Concepts Concept Abstract idea representing social life Social changes in different conditions Types of variables Independent Cause Occurs first Dependent Effect Occurs second Control Constant Hypothesis Expected relationship between variables Typically based on previous research Reliability and Validity Approaches t o examining relationships Deductive-general to specific Begins with theory Then data collection Inductive- specific to general Begins with observation Collects data Hypothesis that could be theory Sampling: population vs.. Sample Population Entire group of interest Expensive Time consuming At times impossible Types of Sampling Probability Equal opportunity of selection Random selection Possible to generalize Non-probability No attempt at representing the population Exploratory research The Research Process 1 . Choose a topic Guided by theory 2.Summarize related research Literature review 3. Formulate a hypothesis 4. Describes the methods 5. Collects the data 6. Present the findings 7. Analyze and explain the results Provides new results Refines existing theories Qualitative vs.. Quantitative Qualitative-examines nonnumeric material In-depth description Quantitative-numerical analysis Generalization Correlation and causation Can't prove cause-and-effect Many alternate variable at han d Instead researches use correlation Strength of relationship between variables Sociologist suggest or indicate relationships Correlation does not mean causation Surveys Systematically collects data from respondents Come in many formsQuestionnaires, face to face, or telephone Some surveys use a combination Administer by researchers or self-administer Types of surveys random sample survey random digit dialing computer assisted telephone interviewing surveys sent by computers Inexpensive Simple to administer Fast turn around Face to face have high response rate In depth interview provides rich detail Survey Disadvantages Mail has low response rate Easily discarded if misunderstood Social desirability bias People lie Telephone Secondary analysis of existing data Info collected by someone else Can include many different materials Longitudinal-across time Cross-sectional-at one time Secondary Data Analysis Advantages Convenient Can examine trends Secondary Data Analysis Disadvantages Not have info needed Historical data difficult to obtain Field Research Observing people in their natural surrounding There are different types: Participant observation Nonparticipating observation Ethnologist Field Research Advantages Provides in depth info More flexible Field Research Disadvantages Can be expensive May need to learn a language Can be dangerous Read rest of chapter 2 Tuesday 9/9 Content Analysis Systematically examines communication Speeches, newspapers, songs, and poems Sociology She asserts that people of color organizing often assumes a static framework surrounding liberation and oppression, and that this fallacious assumption transforms potentially-liberating work into self-consuming â€Å"oppression Olympics,† while keeping activists complicit in multiple forms of oppression (Smith 2006:66). Smith's main claim is that her alternative framework titled, â€Å"Three Pillars of White Supremacy'appropriately informs organizing efforts in communities of color due to TTS inclusive approach to distinct sources of oppression.She argues for a framework which multiply addresses the logic of â€Å"Slavery/Capitalism,† â€Å"Genocide/Colonialism,† and â€Å"Orientals/War† (Smith 2006:66). Her framework combats foundational logic which produce and reproduce oppression in communities. To support her claim, Smith provides evidence in the form of historic accounts and contemporary phenomena. She asserts, â€Å"The logic of slavery can be seen clearly in the current orison industrial complex† (Smith 2006:67).She cites several instances displaying the connection between forms of oppression and their implications for people of color organizing. In light of the evidence provided, Smith concludes by opening her main claim up to critique for scholars and activists while expressing belief in her framework as a starting place. She re-emphasizes a need for a new discourse in the politics of solidarity and argues that radical political and economic changes are necessary. Sociology She asserts that people of color organizing often assumes a static framework surrounding liberation and oppression, and that this fallacious assumption transforms potentially-liberating work into self-consuming â€Å"oppression Olympics,† while keeping activists complicit in multiple forms of oppression (Smith 2006:66). Smith's main claim is that her alternative framework titled, â€Å"Three Pillars of White Supremacy'appropriately informs organizing efforts in communities of color due to TTS inclusive approach to distinct sources of oppression.She argues for a framework which multiply addresses the logic of â€Å"Slavery/Capitalism,† â€Å"Genocide/Colonialism,† and â€Å"Orientals/War† (Smith 2006:66). Her framework combats foundational logic which produce and reproduce oppression in communities. To support her claim, Smith provides evidence in the form of historic accounts and contemporary phenomena. She asserts, â€Å"The logic of slavery can be seen clearly in the current orison industrial complex† (Smith 2006:67).She cites several instances displaying the connection between forms of oppression and their implications for people of color organizing. In light of the evidence provided, Smith concludes by opening her main claim up to critique for scholars and activists while expressing belief in her framework as a starting place. She re-emphasizes a need for a new discourse in the politics of solidarity and argues that radical political and economic changes are necessary. Sociology Chapter 1 * Sociology helps people gain insight into themselves and into society, so they can live more satisfying, self-determined, and responsible lives * Paying attention to and making sense of the social world in a sociological way = being sociologically mindful * To be mindful of a thing is to see and appreciate its unique qualities.Ex: mindful of a person = beyond stereotypes and prejudices * People have to be understood in terms of ideas, feelings, desires, bodies, and habits * Sociological mindfulness = practice of seeing how the social world works * Mindfulness helps us see how our lives are intertwined and how our words and deeds help or harm others in nonobvious ways. Ex. acism * Failing to be mindful = diminish or own and others’ chances of living good lives * Mindfulness can help decrease the amount of hatred and conflict in the world * American individualism inhibits sociological mindfulness because it prevents us from seeing our interdependence with others Chapt er 2 * Shared belief is enormously consequential along side shared ideas * The social world is made of: patterns of activity; without ideas we would have no society * The social world depends on ideas invented by human beings * Reasons why the social world is durable: . People refuse to doubt the ideas that hold it together 2. People hold tightly b/c these ideas tell them right from wrong 3. Ideas allow people to feel good about themselves * Most ideas exist only in people’s heads, or are embodied in habit; the invisibility of the ideas that hold the social world together is part of what makes it seem so real. * Invisible b/c they are built into habit. Ex: brushing teeth.Guiding ideas are still there, but only visible as habits * Someone finds a solution to a problem, other people see that it works and adopt it, and eventually the solution becomes â€Å"what everyone does† * Every society is built on a set of practices and to change these practices is very risky. Those who benefit from them are the ones least likely to want to change it (conservative attitude) * The failure to see the social world as humanly made is called reification; the social world is just there.Ex: â€Å"computer technology is the major force behind changes in our economy today† makes the economy seem independent of human beings * Reification makes the people and their choices disappear; the tendency to reify is strong because it can be hard to see where, how, and by whom decisions are made * Reification makes it hard to hold anyone accountable for the good or bad results arising from their actions * Reification makes us feel powerless b/c the social world comes to seem like a place that is beyond human control; we are confusing its reality; forgetting to be mindful of the social world as a humanly made place * People invent and categorize themselves; these things are defined into existence * Ex: race is a result from the invention of schemes for sorting people into g roups so is gender * If we did not label things, we wouldn’t produce certain kinds of people to classify * Identities derive from invented categories, they are not apart of nature * The rules we use to decide which ideas are true are also invented. Ex: truth from books, word of mouth, or proven by science? * Not everyone has an equal say in deciding what is real and true, and truth often bends toward power * The social world could not continue to exist if we did not reenact it every day, in our thoughts, feelings, and behavior * The making of the social world is a collaboration; we can’t make anything social by ourselves Chapter 3 * How you grow up is basically what you continue to see.Ex: men treating women as subordinates at home = that’s what he’s going to expect from women at work * Part of being sociologically mindful is seeing how our actions in one part of life are the causes and consequences of what happens elsewhere; take larger views of things * Pay attention to how different parts of society are connected then we are less likely to make wasteful and destructive choices * One thing leads to another; to see consequences we must first see connections * There is often a connection to a set of ideas that make inequality seem acceptable * Actions are reinforced by what is seen = tradition. Ex: children seeing their parents hiring a person of lesser wealth to clean up after them, learn that people who are rich enough do not have to take responsibility for cleaning up the messes they make * Our actions and the ideas we use to justify them can have intended and unintended consequences because of how the social world works; the social world labels everything based on tradition * Sociological mindfulness can help us see more of what must be taken into account in seeking solutions to moral problems. Ex: connections between abortion and women’s freedom and equality. Social world full of signs called indexes; and to interpret it sociologically is to see its connection to some aspect of how the social world works * Sociologically mindful means trying to see how conditions, customs, and events might be signs that point to other things. Ex: conditions in inner-city areas are indexes of how our economy works. * Our customary ways of doing things encode messages about us; read as signs of what we value and what we fear * People who organize schools are mainly concerned with turning students into good workers * Although things in the present do not merely point to or refer to the past; they carry it with them; knowledge itself is the past living in our minds and habits b/c everything connects to the past * The past shapes how we think and act today; Understanding how people define the past and how they feel about it is part of being sociologically mindful.Ex: men treating women in demeaning ways without realizing it * If we are sociologically mindful about how parts of the social world are connected, we will pay attention to how seemingly little things can reinforce bigger problems * Being sociologically mindful means thinking about how the choices we make today might affect other people, even society as a whole, in the future Chapter 4 * Feelings depend on what happens throughout the day and interaction shapes one’s mood * Sociological mindfulness help us see how our feelings depend on what happens during certain encounters * If we are sociologically mindful we see that individual achievement is an illusion b/c achievement is not really individual it always grows out of a person’s ties to others. Ex: being taken care of as a baby, others giving us opportunities to develop, existence of institutions, and etc. * Mindfulness of the nterdependence we have helps us avoid being egotistical, selfish, and ungrateful * What we know and how we know are the results of our ties to others; we are limited in what we can know about the world and about ourselves, unless we move around and g et a bit of experiences * A perspective takes shape b/c of commonalities and differences * People who do similar kinds of work, solve similar kinds of problems, earn their money in similar ways, and relate to others in similar ways will tend to develop a shared outlook on the world * Differences in knowledge and feelings are not natural, but rather the results of how categories (ex: men and women) are defined and how the people in these categories are taught to feel, think, and act * Sociological mindfulness helps us to see that our individual point of view is really a result of how we learn to relate to others. * Those in more powerful groups will generally know less about people in less powerful groups. Powerful people are even likely to know less about themselves. Kind of like the cost of power is ignorance about one’s self and others. (Ex: it seems likely that blacks will know more about whites than whites know about blacks) * What we know depends on the nature of our rel ationships with others.Being sociologically mindful would mean going beyond individualism and appreciating how those relationships make us what we are * Our behaviors affect and are affected by others therefore mindfulness means taking more things into account before we act (Ex: smoking, violent sports, having babies) * Sociological mindfulness is the practice of reexamining our choices and paying attention to how our choices have consequences for others Chapter 5 * The social life makes us human and turns us into certain kinds of people; everyone is a result of the interaction between these two influences * The workings of our minds, the possession of self-consciousness, our desires and hopes, and our feelings about ourselves, arise out of social life * We often fail to be mindful of what we have in common with others and exaggerate the differences, however our similarities with others are essential to being human. â€Å"The first step to becoming an individual is to recognize tha t you are not one† * What we become as people depends on the ature of our ties to others, and language gives us the power to develop our individual humanity and to connect with others in distinctly human ways * We gather meanings to ourselves from the culture we live in; meaning we gather (ex: black or white, gay or straight, democrat, liberal) give us a sense of who we are * Part of becoming human is the process of coming to know who and what we are * We depend on each other to maintain a coherent and stable sense of who and what we are as persons; identities are public meanings that determine much of what goes on between people and let us interpret ourselves to others quickly * Acquiring language and developing self-awareness are essential to becoming human and to being able to function in the social world (prerequisites to being self-regulating * We are no less interdependent in becoming human than in being human * Valued identities are a source of self-esteem; if you are a ttached to your identities, you will try to act in ways that uphold them.If we are attached to certain ideas we will tend to do things that affirm rather than contradict those ideas * Self-regulation also requires silent knowledge = unspoken knowledge; knowing how to do something without necessarily being able to explain it * Reason does not keep us from hurting ourselves and others b/c human beings always think of ways to make cruelty and violence seem reasonable * Our responses can be either sympathetic or empathetic; we are emotionally responsive to others to protect our own feelings * Feelings about one’s self are affected by the real or imagined reactions of others * The force of tradition arises in large part from our emotional responsiveness to others, which rises from our ability to imagine how others are judging us, and desire to feel good about ourselves * Sometimes we become to responsive to judgments and feel compelled to do things we know aren’t right * Cu tting-off may occur when members of a dominant group feel shame and guilt at the suffering they have caused others; if our actions are the source of a person’s pain we may be unresponsive emotionally * Deciding not to care about certain audiences can be a way to resist oppression * How we organize ourselves to live together also affects the creation of human beings; by being sociologically mindful we do not only see how we become human but how we might live more humanely * Behavior is a product of circumstance not just personality; emotions arise from interactions with others * Part of becoming human is learning what we are supposed to feel in different situations, how to properly display emotions, and how to manage our own feelings and the feelings of others * Thinking aimed at changing how we feel is called emotion work Sociology Sociology 1Midterm 3/11/11 Chapter 01 #005 If a problem is defined as personal, _______ are employed to cope with the problem. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Individual strategies100% B. Collective strategies C. Societal strategies D. Professional strategies Score:2/2 2. Chapter 01 #004 What famous sociologist referred to social problems as the â€Å"public issues of social structure†? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Robert Merton B. Emile Durkheim C. Max Weber D. C. Wright Mills100% Score:2/2 3. Chapter 01 #003 What famous sociologist referred to personal problems as the â€Å"personal troubles of milieu†?Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Robert Merton B. Emile Durkheim C. Max Weber D. C. Wright Mills100% Score:2/2 4. Chapter 01 #002 A problem that has causes and solutions which lie outside the individual and the immediate environment is called a(n) ________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Personal problem B. Social pro blem100% C. Institutional problem D. Societal problem Score:2/2 5. Chapter 01 #001 A problem that can be explained in terms of the qualities of the individual is called a(n) ___. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Personal problem B. Social problem C. Institutional problem0%D. Societal problem Score:0/2 Feature Article –  Sociology Test  16. Chapter 02 #001 The undiscriminating, casual sexual relationships with many people are called _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Deviance B. Promiscuity100% C. Homosexual D. American gigolo Score:2/2 7. Chapter 02 #002 A national survey reported that _______ of single men said they did not like a woman who was willing to make love on the first date. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 30% B. 43% C. 50% D. 66%100% Score:2/2 8. Chapter 02 #003 About _______ of married men admit to ever having an affair. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 10%B. 15% C. 25%100% D. 38% Score:2/2 9. Chapter 02 #004 About _______ of married women admit to ever having an affair. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 10% B. 15%100% C. 25% D. 38% Score:2/2 10. Chapter 02 #005 Sexual activity conducted via the internet is referred to as _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Safe sex B. Disgust ing C. Video sex D. Cybersex100% Score:2/2 11. Chapter 02 #006 Having sexual relations for remuneration is referred to as _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. â€Å"a night out on the town† B. Cybersex C. Prostitution100% D. Fellatio Score:2/2 12.Chapter 02 #007 The oral stimulation of the male genitalia is called _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Prostitution B. Fellatio100% C. Cunnilingus D. Cybersex Score:2/2 13. Chapter 02 #008 The oral stimulation of the female genitalia is called _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Prostitution B. Fellatio C. Cunnilingus100% D. Cybersex Score:2/2 14. Chapter 02 #009 Prostitutes' Education Network claims that there are more than _______ American women who have worked as prostitutes. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 100,000 B. 250,000 C. 500,000 D. 1,000,000100%Score:2/2 15. Chapter 02 #010 The average work life of an American prostitute is _______. Student Respons eValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Less than 1 year B. 1-3 years C. 4-5 years100% D. Over 6 years Score:2/2 16. Chapter 03 #1 Repeated use of a drug or alcohol to the point of periodic or chronic intoxication that is detrimental to the user or society is called ________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Abuse B. Habit C. Addiction100% D. Social deviance Score:2/2 17. Chapter 03 #10 The damaging effects of alcohol abuse are most obvious in the _________ the individual who is addicted to alcohol.Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Addict B. Alcoholic100% C. Mentally ill D. Psychotic Score:2/2 18. Chapter 03 #11 Alcoholism is defined in terms of four symptoms. One of the following is not one of those symptoms. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. A craving or compulsion to drink B. Loss of control to limit drinking on any particular occasion C. Drinking beer instead of drinking liquor100% D. Physical dependence on alcohol Score:2/2 19. Chapter 03 #12 Wha t percentage of Americans identifies themselves as drinkers? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 42%B. 52% C. 63%100% D. 72% Score:2/2 20. Chapter 03 #13 Which of the following groups have the highest incidence of use and abuse of alcohol? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. American Indians100% B. African Americans C. Latinos D. Whites Score:2/2 21. Chapter 03 #14 Which sex is more likely to abuse alcohol? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Males100% B. Females C. Both are equally likely to abuse alcohol D. In fact, neither sex abuses alcohol Score:2/2 22. Chapter 03 #15 What percentage of college students are binge drinkers? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedbackA. 18% B. 26% C. 35% D. 44%100% Score:2/2 23. Chapter 03 #16 Among veterans, the death rate for alcoholics was how much higher compared to that of nonalcoholics? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 1. 5 times B. 2. 5 times100% C. 3. 5 times D. 4. 5 times Score:2/2 24. Chapt er 03 #17 In terms of cognitive ability, alcoholism, costs the user about _______ years of life. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 10100% Score:2/2 25. Chapter 03 #18 Alcohol is a factor in nearly ________ of American Indian deaths. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 3%B. 6% C. 12% D. 17%100% Score:2/2 26. Chapter 04 #1 In 2005, the FBI reported that a violent crime occurred in the nation every ______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 10. 5 seconds B. 22. 7 seconds100% C. 40. 2 seconds D. 54. 9 seconds Score:2/2 27. Chapter 04 #10 The text refers to behavior that is treated as criminal only when it occurs before some audience that will be offended as ___________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Public disorder crimes100% B. Illegal service crimes C. Crimes of negligence D. Victim related crimes Score:2/2 28. Chapter 04 #11According to your text, crimes that involve unintended victims such as reckless manslaughter a re called ____________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Crimes of negligence B. Public disorder crimes C. Illegal service crimes D. Crimes of violence0% Score:0/2 29. Chapter 04 #12 Any illegal act for which knowledge of computer technology is used to commit the offense is called __________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Technological crime B. Modern crime C. Computer crime100% D. Felonies Score:2/2 30. Chapter 04 #13 Crimes committed by respectable citizens in the course of their work are called _______.Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Crimes of business B. Petty offenses C. White-collar crimes100% D. Crimes of the upper class Score:2/2 31. Chapter 05 #1 According to this text, the use of force to kill, injury, or abuse others is defined as _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Murder B. Simple assault C. Violence100% D. Psychosis Score:2/2 32. Chapter 05 #10 It is estimated that the medical cost of gunshot injuries in just one year are about ____. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. One million dollars B. 50 million dollars C. 500 million dollars D. 2 billion dollars100%Score:2/2 33. Chapter 05 #11 The 1992, the Los Angeles riot resulted in an estimated loss of _________ from the damages. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. One million dollars B. 50 million dollars C. 500 million dollars D. 1 billion dollars100% Score:2/2 34. Chapter 05 #12 Violence has been linked with a human need to be ______________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Stupid B. Aggressive100% C. Scared D. Humble Score:2/2 35. Chapter 05 #13 Most psychologists argue that aggression is related to _____________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Fear B. Over education C. Frustration100%D. Envy Score:2/2 36. Chapter 05 #14 Forceful, offensive, or hostile behavior toward another person or society is called _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Aggression100% B. Psyc hosis C. Envy D. Humbleness Score:2/2 37. Chapter 05 #15 Studies using national samples have concluded that over time, the use of physical punishment on children ______________________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Causes the child to behave over long term B. Causes the child to behave in the short term and the long term C. Increases the likelihood of delinquent and antisocial behavior by children100%D. Creates a more stable and controllable child Score:2/2 38. Chapter 05 #16 The committee that investigated the 1968 riot at the Democratic Convention concluded that it was ___________________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. A police riot100% B. Caused by the news media C. Caused by the long haired hippies D. Caused by liberal professors Score:2/2 39. Chapter 05 #17 Your text suggests, that Americans tend to expect and approve violence in the name of ___________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Freedom B. Democracy C. Justice D. Social o rder100% Score:2/2 40. Chapter 05 #18 Why is Dr.Barnett Slepian important to the study of violence? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. He was mugged by a group of Latin Kings on the New York subway B. He developed many theories of juvenile delinquency C. He was the seventh physician killed by the antiabortion movement100% D. He was the author of a report called â€Å"Violence in America† Score:2/2 41. Chapter 05 #19 In 2005, what percentage of American homes had guns? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40%100% Score:2/2 42. Chapter 05 #2 Intimate violence includes all age groups, but is it highest among females between the ages of _____.Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 16 and 24100% B. 21 and 25 C. 25 and 30 D. 30 and 40 Score:2/2 43. Chapter 05 #20 What percentage of homicides are committed with a firearm? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 10% B. 30% C. 50% D. 70%100% Score:2/2 44. Chapter 05 #21 Since 1 960, approximately how many Americans have died of a gun related death? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. More than one million people100% B. 500,000 people C. 250,000 D. 100,000 Score:2/2 45. Chapter 05 #22 The homicide rate in the United States is _____ times higher than that of Western Europe.Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. The homicide rate in the U. S. is the same as in Europe B. 20% C. 3 D. 4 Score:0/2 46. Chapter 06 #1 It was not until _______, that the public began to identify poverty as one of America's serious problems. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 1941 B. 1950 C. 1965100% D. 1984 Score:2/2 47. Chapter 06 #10 What percentage of the American population is poor? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 7. 1 B. 9. 9 C. 12. 6100% D. 21. 1 Score:2/2 48. Chapter 06 #11 During the 1960s and 1970s, the amount of poverty in the United States ________.Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Increased0% B. Decreased C. Remain ed the same D. Increased in the north but decreased in the south Score:0/2 49. Chapter 06 #12 By the age of fifty, ________ of Americans will have been in poverty for at least a year. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 20% B. 30% C. 42%100% D. 50% Score:2/2 50. Chapter 06 #13 Which of the following families has the greatest chance of being poor? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Married white father and mother B. Married black father and mother C. Single white mother0% D. Single black mother Score:0/2 Sociology Jamari Omene-Smith Introduction to Sociology/Final Reflection Paper * Part 1 Sociology, the scientific study of social groups (Chapter 1 Module 1), focuses primly on how our social relationships not only influence our behavior but the development of society as a whole. Sociologists analyze social phenomena at different levels and from different perspectives. From concrete interpretations to sweeping generalizations of society and social behavior, sociologists study everything from specific events (the micro level of analysis of small social patterns) to the â€Å"big picture† (the macro level of analysis of large social patterns).The pioneering European sociologists, however, also offered a broad conceptualization of the fundamentals of society and its workings. Their views form the basis for today's theoretical perspectives which provide sociologists with a concrete framework of philosophical positions for asking certain kinds of questions about society and its people. Sociol ogists today employ three primary theoretical perspectives: Interactionist, Functionalist, and Conflict (Chapter 1 Module 3).These perspectives offer sociologists theoretical paradigms for explaining how society influences people, and vice versa. The Functionalist perspective views each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society's functioning as a whole. An example of this is could be the cow worship in Indian society as the preservation of the cow allows it to plow the fields and produce milk, both of which are essential to long term survival of the inhabitants. In addition, the cow’s feces double as fertilizer as well as fuel for cooking.On the opposite side of the spectrum is the Conflict perspective that assumes social behavior is best understood through tension between groups over power and the allocation of resources such as housing, money, services, and political representation. While this doesn’t always involve violence, such conflicts can b e seen in labor negotiations, political elections, or the Occupy movement. The conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, avoid social change, and believe people cooperate to effect social order, conflict theorists hallenge the status quo, encourage social change (even when this means social revolution), and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the weak. Lastly, Interactionists generalize everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole. This perspective directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other. Although symbolic interactionism traces its origins to Max Weber's assertion(Chapter 1 Module 2) that individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their world.Symbols have a shared social meaning that is understood and recognized by the entirety of a society. Widely recognized symbols such as tattoos, bumper stickers, and house flags allow individuals to communicate their values and beliefs to those around them. This nonverbal communication also consists of bodily gestures, facial expressions, and postures (Chapter 1 Module 3). Personally, I agree with some aspects of both the Functionalist and Conflict perspective as they present and image of how society should be construed and what it actually is.To explain, functionalism appeals to my idealistic way of thinking as it relates to stability, order, and cohesion. I believed such a construct was fairly possible when examining our democratic from of government. In theory, the system is made to provide equal representation as well as flexibility in respect to the voice of the people such as the several amendments made to the constitution as well as our right to decide our government officials through the election process. Unfortunately, this syste m is great in theory but rarely comes into practice which leads to my belief in the conflict perspective.The constant struggle between the top 1% and the middle class is fairly apparent in respect to education, taxes, and healthcare. This is due to the 1% having a strong influence over the private sector as well as controlling the majority of the wealth. These shape the patterns of everyday life as well as things such as racial, ethnic, and class inequality and relations among nations and regions of the world. All in all, the conflict perspective represents the realistic way in which I view the world while the functionalist beckons to my belief in a harmony and justice that can be attained with the proper execution of our democratic system.While these views may contradict each other they also present the two ways I see the world: how things actually are and what they could be. * Part 2 Society can greatly impact the individual through its culture. As stated in Chapter 3 Module 9 cul ture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. Each society’s distinctive culture presents its own form of cuisine, forms of recreation, family structure, and standards of right and wrong. These specific characteristics highly influence who we develop into as individuals.In turn we impact society with our actions being separate individuals which create the culture through mutual cooperation. For example, if enough people vote in a new precedent that legalizes marijuana the culture is affected in a way that creates a new social norm. This adaptation of the set standard of rules and values that shape the society comes directly from the individuals that inhabit it. Social structure refers to the manner in which human relations and patterns of interaction repeat themselves in organized and â€Å"structured† ways(Chapter 5 Module 16).Analyses of social structure point to the manner in which there are inequalities in human societies. Although individual, formal organizations, commonly identified as â€Å"institutions,† may be deliberately and intentionally created by people, the development and functioning of institutions in society in general may be regarded as an instance of emergence; that is, institutions arise, develop and function in a pattern of social self-organization, which goes beyond the conscious intentions of the individual humans involved.As mechanisms of social interaction, societal institutions greatly influence individuals by setting certain expectations, goals, and regulations. They act as an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on social such as: Government, Family, Education, and Media (Chapter 5 Module 16). Inequalities in these institutions can be see through the conflict perspective which views them as having inherently conservative natures, operating in gendered and racist environments, and help maintain privileges of the most powerful individuals a nd groups within society.For example, public schools are mostly financed by property taxes. This arrangement allows more affluent areas to provide their children with better equipped schools and better paid teachers than the low income areas that can afford such resources. This inequality in the education system results in countless dropouts which contribute to the rising crime rate. Inequality based on gender, economic status, race, and ethnicity thrives in such an environment to which we might add discrimination based on age, physical, disability, and sexual orientation.Horace Miner’s â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† was one of the few readings in the class that challenged me sociologically by likening the current American society to a primitive tribe with clever wordplay. Even if the title isn’t an obvious indicator that it is American backwards, there are indicators in the story that help reveal the topic that is being discussed. Starting with a brief h istory of how the nation became the way it is, with Notgnishaw cutting down the cherry tree. Even to young children this idea of cutting down the tree may seem familiar, and it should because it is really Washington that cut the tree down.The title Washington was spelled backwards to add an interesting twist to this story. Many people do not realize that words are backward; this idea gives readers the sense that this may actually be a tribe. The events that take place in our everyday lives are described as rituals. These rituals that are talked about are made to sound like the culture that partakes in such things is crazy. It starts with the ritual of getting ready in the morning, as a long drawn out process. The story then moves to talk about how American people have cabinets full of medications that supposedly make us better.However, most the medications are used once or twice, but then left in the cabinet. Along with the amount of medications, there are the trips to the hospital that most people find necessary. Most adults are not afraid to go to the doctor for an illness, which only leads to more medications, but children have a fear of the people in white coats. Horace Miner demonstrates that â€Å"attitudes about the body† have a pervasive influence on many institutions in Nacirema society. Basically, he uses this entire article as a way to describe American rituals from an outsider's point of view.The sociological standpoint is that culture is based on rituals and that each culture defines its reality and acceptable behavior and chooses its authorities by rituals. These rituals help us discover our knowledge because it makes the rituals the authority and those who follow it the ones that know the truth as our society defines it. Sociologists define rituals as what you do on a regular basis, repeated over time; that which binds people together; shared beliefs; assigned roles; loyalty.Structural-functional sociologist Emile Durkheim theorized that rituals support social order and roles and shared sets of values holds people together. Since rituals enforce these roles and values, they create social solidarity. * Part 3 Class refers to a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income (Chapter 8 Module 26). Sociologists typically use three methods to determine social class: the objective method that measures and analyzes â€Å"hard† facts, the subjective method asks which people what they think of themselves, and the reputational method that asks what people think of others.Results from these three research methods suggests that in the United States today approximately 15 to 20 percent are in the poor, lower class; 30 to 40 percent are in the working class; 40 to 50 percent are in the middle class; and 1 to 3 percent are in the rich, upper class. Wherever their money comes from, the upper class is exceptionally rich. They have more money than they could possibly spend, which leaves them with much leisure ti me for cultivating a variety of interests.They live in exclusive neighborhoods, gather at expensive social clubs, and send their children to the finest schools. As might be expected, they also exercise a great deal of influence and power both nationally and globally. Class tends to be a touch subject especially in America as it reflects on the vast economic and social divide present in a country founded on the premise of being a land of opportunity. The United States is not a classless society. For example, people with a certain quality of life raise children differently than those with a different quality of life.It is also very difficult for one to move from a certain position in life to a higher position. A concentration of wealth threatens to create a host of problems. Each of these points show that there are differences in life based on what kind of life one has ,thus demonstrating that class still exists. Social stratification it sets up a structure of roles for each person in the society and ensures that all the bases get covered. You need your share of laborers, executives, etc. In a free society this will be based on education and ability.If you are a certain status, you are expected to do certain things and you have a certain amount of social power. The system is rarely upset but in many societies you can change your status if you prove you deserve a certain social standing. According to Karl Marx, class differentiation is the crucial determinant of social, economic, and political inequality (Chapter 8 Module 26). How this relates to America is the top 1% of the population controls 43% and of the wealth and pays little to taxes while the shrinking middle class pays an unfair amount of taxes.There is an old saying that artists do not choose a form of art, but rather a form of art chooses them. This means that as people explore ways of doing creative work, they eventually find a way to which they are, for reasons hard to fathom, powerfully drawn. We ca n take this idea beyond the realm of art and observe that many people find a hobby, a sport, a craft, a topic of study, or a kind of work that seems naturally to compel their devotion. When this happens, people often strive with great intensity to acquire knowledge and skill.The opportunity for one to explore a hobby or subject one finds interesting depends on crucial social conditions such as : economic stability, environmental influences, values, and morals. This points to those who are positively influenced having the freedom to participate in activities of their choice. What difference does it make if a person never has the experience of being chosen by a form of activity? The person who is drawn to a certain skill, sport, or activity has achieved a sense of purpose with the desire to improve on and progress in that skill. On the other hand, those without that xperience have a tougher time deciding what to do in their lives as that motivation to excel is misguided without a set occupation, skill, or pastime. * Part 4 Seeing the world through others eyes is essential to gaining understanding on how the world truly works in addition to becoming a well-rounded individual. Such a mindset allows one to acknowledge injustice and inequality in the world along with the desire to abolish it. With the use of sociological imagination, individuals can properly examine how their actions as well as the actions of others affect society and even the world as a whole.This class has given me the advantage in respect to being socially responsible by surrounding me with a diverse collection of my peers, thus enhancing my social techniques in addition to learning more about myself in the process. With the introduction of the purple textbook, research project and online quizzes I learned valuable information about the world around me in ways I never could have imagined. This course has made me a better person with a new sense of empathy and social awareness. Sociology My thesis statement for my classification essay is these three core values of Honor, Courage, and Commitment can benefit our society if we influence and guide our children to live by righteousness by incorporating core values that will help them be a successful citizen. This thesis statement supports my topic of this for this essay. The topic I chose is In order for society to evolve and learn from its mistakes, we must teach our future generation to have values that affect society in a positive and influential way.The categories of lactation's will use to support my classification essay will be Honor, Courage, and commitment and the way these values can influence the development of children character in a positive way by understanding who they are, what they stand for, and where are they going in life. The point I will be trying to make will be that parent need to be leaders an there children lives because they are our future and without good values from their parent it can influenc es their children to make wrong decisions that untimely impacts our society in a negative way.As parents if we are able to connect with our children early on and allow them to discover themselves with positive reinforcement from core values we can help them succeed in life and challenges that can adversely challenge them. Am trying to pursue parents to start guiding and teaching core values to their children before they are influenced by negative values that can harm them in the long run. Therefore, my essay will address good core values that can be beneficial the children in a positive way. Sociology Sociology She asserts that people of color organizing often assumes a static framework surrounding liberation and oppression, and that this fallacious assumption transforms potentially-liberating work into self-consuming â€Å"oppression Olympics,† while keeping activists complicit in multiple forms of oppression (Smith 2006:66). Smith's main claim is that her alternative framework titled, â€Å"Three Pillars of White Supremacy'appropriately informs organizing efforts in communities of color due to TTS inclusive approach to distinct sources of oppression.She argues for a framework which multiply addresses the logic of â€Å"Slavery/Capitalism,† â€Å"Genocide/Colonialism,† and â€Å"Orientals/War† (Smith 2006:66). Her framework combats foundational logic which produce and reproduce oppression in communities. To support her claim, Smith provides evidence in the form of historic accounts and contemporary phenomena. She asserts, â€Å"The logic of slavery can be seen clearly in the current orison industrial complex† (Smith 2006:67).She cites several instances displaying the connection between forms of oppression and their implications for people of color organizing. In light of the evidence provided, Smith concludes by opening her main claim up to critique for scholars and activists while expressing belief in her framework as a starting place. She re-emphasizes a need for a new discourse in the politics of solidarity and argues that radical political and economic changes are necessary.

Let's Be Lefties for a Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Let's Be Lefties for a Day - Essay Example What is it like to be a left-hander in a world of right-handers? (I am a right-hander). To explore this, I woke up one morning and posed a restriction on my right hand by enclosing a ping-pong ball in my right hand and tying it up tightly with a sock. I began brushing my teeth. Noticing that the angles of brushing were going awry, my right hand subconsciously tried to assist. No, I told myself and desisted. (After a couple of hours, I could still detect a faint trace of bad odour). Then, bathing was an absolute horror. My sock got wet in a matter of seconds. I had to sign some cheques and write a letter before leaving for office. The result, on paper looked like a child’s scrawl. My daughter tossed me a ball and I ended up overbalancing and falling on the floor, not to mention missing it completely. We also observe people who do not elicit the same treatment meted out to us. For instance, I remember my college days when we had a guy who was good at studies. He would lock himse lf up and stick to academics. He would not join us in sports, dating or drinking. We used to snigger behind his back. He was considered ‘abnormal’. Was it right on our part to label him thus? All of us know the answer. People who do not conform to their peer-set’s so-called norms and practices are often scorned. But the attitude is not right. One cannot expect everyone to fall into the majority.

Business Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Decision Making - Essay Example Reason for colleting the primary and secondary data for the given business problem helps to reach the authentic decision to advice the clients in Spain, France and Italy. As the manager of the company, preparation of most suitable plan for primary and secondary data collection is very much necessary. â€Å"Data Collection helps your team to assess the health of your process. To do so, you must identify the key quality characteristics, you will measure, how you will measure them, and what you will do with the data you collect† (Module 7: Data Collection n.d. p. 1). Here I am working for the manager of a property company in UK and also at the same time our company deals with properties in other places like Spain, France and Italy. There are more than 100 clients, who are  interested in buying properties particularly in Spain. That’s the reason why, all these countries are frequently asking questions regarding the property. Taking in to the mind the respondents, it is th e best way to get the information appropriate. This enables to understand various revealed complexities. Primary Data:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Primary research method is one of the widely used methods to collect information from the respondents in order to make the proper decision regarding the sell or renting the property.   The primary methods are used to make the most appropriate decision and also to give advice to the overseas Questioners and survey. Primary research has been selected for the reason that primary research offers the creative information that is required for the function of the study and is primarily required for the study. It is prepared by gathering of primary information. Questionnaires Method:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Questionnaires method is one of methods used to gather information from the target customers to acquire the relevant information. A questionnaire is one of the well-built research apparatus and it encloses the various questions and some of the other suitable matters for the reason of gathering data's from clients. After the information collected from the questionnaire, next step is to study the information with the help tables and charts. The structuring of questionnaire is on the score base, which facilitates the respondent to take the appropriate decision. Majority of the questions in this are based on given situation. This supports the foreign countries to respond without doubt. The questionnaire is arranged in a simple way, which makes him to pursue the pattern in an easy way. Most of the questions are arranged in a simple way, to help the clients to follow the questions easily. Questionnaires consist of 10 main questions that will helps to make the most appropriate decision. The structuring of questionnaire should be cautiously designed in accordance to the preconditions of accuracy and relevance. Questionnaires are an appraisal method, which is very well-known to most educators. â€Å"Questionnaires, paper or elec tronic, consist of a set of questions or items that are designed for a selected group of people, such as teachers, administrators, parents, students, or others. Questionnaires vary in length, focus, and types of items, such as checklists, scaled items or open-ended questions and are particularly useful in gathering data from large groups of people about perceptions, attitudes, intended actions or application of learning† (Preparing to Collect Data n.d.).    Survey Method:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Surveys are one of the approaches used to gather the data's to investigate and make a proper idea regarding the business problem. It is the method that the majority of the organizations use to collect the clients view on given subject. â€Å"The Survey method is the technique of gathering data by asking questions to people, who are thought to have desired information. A formal

Quality Improvement Issue Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quality Improvement Issue - Term Paper Example In my organization, appointments are sometimes not planned by nurses in the outpatients department and as a result, patients complain on a daily basis. Prolonged waiting times have also increased patient dissatisfaction and many of them are increasingly opting to seek the services of our competitors whose waiting times are lower. A study cited by Yeboah and Thomas (2009) showed that increasing waiting times for more than thirty minutes conversely increases patients intolerability. Deliberate lack of scheduling appointments by nurses is contributed by heavy workloads that makes the them forget to schedule appointments. Strategies to reduce patient waiting times in my organization needs to be redesigned in order to improve quality of care provided. Most importantly, newly formulated strategies ought to focus on reducing nurses workload s. Ho (2014) reiterates that patient waiting time is contributed by increasing patient loads. In fact, there is a lot of confusion among patients when they have multiple appointments. Some of them spend nearly a day as they wait to be attended to. To reduce the patients waiting time in my organization, there is need for decisive and patient centered planning, restructuring, simplifying, and updating workflows in order to improve efficiency of care provided. Institute of Medicine. (2001). Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. Retrieved from

Careers in Recruitment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Careers in Recruitment - Term Paper Example aper has been structured in a way to first illustrate the interviewer’s expected answers in response to his own questions followed by the interviewee’s actual response to the questions asked. The response answers all the questions in the appendix in a chronological order. The HR coordinator is a HR professional who does various tasks related to the HR department and maintains effective communication and coordination among the concerned individuals. According to the requirements of a job of HR coordinator with HRC Associates mentioned in (CaribbeanJobs.com, 2010), a HR coordinator should at least have a bachelor degree in Human Resources Management. As the name implies, the HR coordinator serves to develop meaningful coordination among the parties involved. Besides, he also maintains and updates staff record on various levels that include attendance, issues with accommodation and length of experience. The HR coordinator works directly under the project manager. The HR coordinator should have excellent communicative skills and should be well versed with the use of computer and other administrative softwares. He should be active and present-minded. Sometimes, the HR coordinator may be involved in such administrative tasks by the project manager as writi ng minutes of meetings and advertising. A HR coordinator is fundamentally responsible to correspond interview dates and issue appointment letters to the employees. The initial period of employees’ settlement in the company’s environment and the accommodation is very critical and the HR coordinator assumes a very important role in those days. It is his duty to ensure that the employees are provided with all the facilities and necessities so that they take minimum time to adjust in the company. It is perhaps, the most important part of the HR coordinator’s duties to maintain the attendance and leave record of all the employees. The project manager sees the HR coordinator as a multi-talented person and may

The last supper by Leonardo Da Vinci Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The last supper by Leonardo Da Vinci - Essay Example The most noticeable aspect of Florence was that it was a self governed and most importantly an independent city." (Renaissance) The city grew with leaps and bounds because of its strong economic background to match this, the city also boasted of a strong political philosophy, these factors contributed in the immense success of Florence during the period of the Renaissance. The economy of Florence was centered on the manufacturing of goods or trade of cloth so inevitably meant that the most powerful people in the city had to be the people who represented the textile workers. Workers in Florence were experts when it came to transforming wool into cloth of an excellent quality; they wee well acquainted with the ways to do the same. The process was a quite complicated one which involved dying of wool, cleaning the wool and a host of other processes. The Palazzo Vecchio was constructed in the year 1299. This was also the home of the Florentine guilds. This portrays the Florentine culture that was the home of many Italians. This was a place where influential people would gather and decide complex issues like voting and other important things. The guild members were all from good backgrounds, the background of the people was the most important factor that determined whether they were good enough to become guild members or not. Some guild members were lawyers, sculptors while other members included solicitors, masons and builders. Florence was a very different city; it was unlike Venice or for that matter any other city during the time of Renaissance. Sea trade did not flourish in Florence as much as it did in Venice because the people of Florence had many other interests which fetched them much more than Sea trade, this was primarily the reason why Sea trade never flourished in Florence. Banking was one of the most common professions during the time of Renaissance; many families tasted success being bankers in Florence. The gold coin Manufactured in Florence was a trademark of purity and was accepted the world over by people. The buildings and the sculpture are very famous and looked upon by many people all across the globe, some of the buildings built at that time still stand, his goes to show the pain and the efforts which were out in by the people at that time. Renaissance was a revolutionary period which saw tremendous changes take place in Europe. Renaissance is a French word which means rebirth; many a thing changed during the period of renaissance for instance the Political changes in Europe, social changes which took place during that time etc. This paper will throw light upon Gr'newald's Isenheim Altarpiece. Gr'newald was a very prolific artist of the Renaissance period; he was mainly involved in making religious paintings. This paper will provide an insight on his masterpiece which is known as the Altarpiece which is now located in France. In addition to this the paper will also throw light upon two other masterpieces. (Gr'newald's Isenheim Altarpiece) Mathis was one of the most famous painters of the Renaissance period. He was not well known until the late 19th century which brought him to the limelight. The details about this great artist are still obscure, for the reputation that he had back then, people expect a lot of information about him but the fact is that even his real name is not known by the people. The name

The Ethics of Marketing Prescription Drugs Essay

The Ethics of Marketing Prescription Drugs - Essay Example This "The Ethics of Marketing Prescription Drugs" essay outlines the effect that drug's advertisement has. Seeing these kinds of commercials not only convince the watcher that they are sick, but that they must get themselves medicated before they waste any more time in their suddenly felt misery. "The best contributions to such debates [regarding the extent of influence the media has over the public] suggest the complex, negotiated and often indirect nature of media influence, but of one thing there can be no doubt; the media do have an influence" Hesmondhalgh 3). By playing on the already weakened state of the viewer who is experiencing any of these symptoms, advertisements such as this are unethically misleading about the cause of their suffering as well as the instantaneous results they will experience once medicated. By encouraging people to talk to their doctor about taking this drug, the advertisers for Paxil give the viewer the impression that they are more informed about their illness and its potential treatments than their doctor. Rather than openly acknowledge the symptoms listed may be caused by a number of factors, this information is read through quickly, if at all, during the 30 second segment of disclaimers and identified risk factors associated with the drug. â€Å"The average person cannot adequately research all the scientific studies done to evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs. Patients, therefore, find themselves requesting prescription drugs based on advertisements with little knowledge of all the relevant medical information†. ... "The best contributions to such debates [regarding the extent of influence the media has over the public] suggest the complex, negotiated and often indirect nature of media influence, but of one thing there can be no doubt; the media do have an influence" Hesmondhalgh 3). By playing on the already weakened state of the viewer who is experiencing any of these symptoms, advertisements such as this are unethically misleading about the cause of their suffering as well as the instantaneous results they will experience once medicated. By encouraging people to talk to their doctor about taking this drug, the advertisers for Paxil give the viewer the impression that they are more informed about their illness and its potential treatments than their doctor. Rather than openly acknowledge the symptoms listed may be caused by a number of factors, this information is read through quickly, if at all, during the 30 second segment of disclaimers and identified risk factors associated with the drug. â€Å"The average person cannot adequately research all the scientific studies done to evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs. Patients, therefore, find themselves requesting prescription drugs based on advertisements with little knowledge of all the relevant medical information† (ProCon, 2010). At the same time, this advertisement wears away at the viewer’s trust in their medical professional, particularly when they see corresponding promotional material in the doctor’s office. â€Å"Patients seeing prescription drug ads can lose trust in doctors and the medical establishment when it seems that the medical community (including pharmaceutical companies) is more interested in taking

African American Literatury Essay Example for Free

African American Literatury Essay African-American literature can be defined as writings by people of African descent living in the United States of America. The African-American literary tradition began with the oral culture long before any of the materials in it were written on. Throughout their American history, African-Americans have used the oral culture as a natural part of black expressive culture. They are very powerful voices that give fuller meanings to words on a page. The America South is an important landscape in African-American literature. The South was a primary port of entry for slaving vessels. Most black slaves remained in the Southern states. The South was an important place for the African-American literature because the South was served as the site of hope and change for the black slaves but there were also horrors. The majority of African captives entered the New World from the Southern ports and remained in the Southern states. They relied heavily on the African cultural heritage and belief systems familiar to them. During their 300 years of slavery and servitude, black slaves and their descendants developed a complex relationship with the South. Amiri Baraka concluded that the South is a part of the scene of the crime, a land that is about the site of hope and the scene of the crime. For many African Americans, the South serves as the site of hope and change. The South has given birth to many African-American cultural practices, such as literature. This is the spiritual and ancestral home for African Americans and plays a dominant role in African-American literature. Before the American Civil War, African-American literature primarily focused on the issue of slavery, as indicated by the subgenre of slave narratives The most noted authors were all incited and inspired by the goings on in the south. Frederick Douglass was one of the most important African-American authors from the literary landscape in the South. He chronicled his life from bondage to freedom in his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (1845), which helped the American public to know the truth about the institution of slavery and dismiss the myth that slaves were happy and treated well. He said, the South was not only a notorious site of slavery, it was also a landscape of racial terror and widespread violence. The biggest crime the South ever committed is the institution and perpetuation of slavery. But the Southern landscape is more than just the â€Å"scene of the crime† in African-American literature. It has multiple personalities that demand multiple treatments. Many 20th-century African-American writers, whether born and raised in the South or not, have used the southern landscape in their works to explore the complex relationships African-American communities have with the South. In her poem â€Å"Southern Song,† Margaret Walker (1915 – 1998) sings a praise song to the southern suns and southern land despite the â€Å"mobs† and â€Å"a nightmare full of oil and flame. Southern Song I want my body bathed again by southern suns, my soul reclaimed again from southern land. I want to rest again in southern fields, in grass and hay and clover bloom; to lay my hand again upon the clay baked by a southern sun, to touch the rain-soaked earth and smell the smell of soil. I want my rest unbroken in the fields of southern earth; freedom to watch the corn wave silver in the sun and mark the splashing of a brook, a pond with ducks and frogs and count the clouds. I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest; no forms to take me in the night and burn my shack and make for me a nightmare full of oil and flame. I want my careless song to strike no minor key; no fiend to stand between my bodys soutnern songthe fusion of the South, my bodys song and me. Margaret Walker’s poem characterizes the complex literary representations of the South in a great deal of African-American literature, for the speaker at once basks in the beauty of her homeland (â€Å"I want my body bathed again by southern suns†). Yet at the same time experiences a homecoming complicated by the threat of Southern violence (â€Å"I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest†). The theme of the southern home and its layered history is a prevalent one throughout the tradition of African-American literature. In conclusion, 90 percent of African-Americans lived in the South, it is no wonder that this landscape has taken on a great deal of cultural and historical significance. Literature from the South is complex and often absurd, as the region emerges repeatedly as a site of home.

Miranda Lambert Essay Example for Free

Miranda Lambert Essay Although most will probably say someone close to them is inspiring, like their mother, grandmother, sister. In my opinion, they are your family, and you will always love and be inspired by them. Therefore I decided to write this on how a singer is inspiring to me. Her name is Miranda Lambert. Almost none of my friends have even heard of her. I guess because maybe she’s a country singer and they don’t really like country music? Who knows, but she is quite an amazing person. She grew up in a small town in Texas. â€Å"Not having money toughened me up a bit, but Ill always be grateful. Texas people are really strong in their roots. I started writing and playing guitar at 17. Ive always loved music, and my dad is a singer-songwriter. † Miranda once said. She was influenced personally by her father to take an interest in music. Her music is wonderful, and she has a beautiful voice. She writes almost all of her own songs, and they are full of meaning. For example a hit song of hers, ‘Gunpowder and Lead’, is about women and how they should not take any shit from any one, let alone a man who hits them. I’m even sitting here writing this, listening to her music. I mean not all of her songs have such a deep meaning, but they all are certainly songs you can just sit back, and rock out too. I’m in love with it, and such a huge fan. In my eyes, Miranda is unlike any star. She isn’t a skinny, overrated, prissy little bitch who is only popular for one song, or how pretty they are. Miranda isn’t even that main-stream, but still does what she loves. When she was a teen, she was on a show kind of like American Idol that got her career started. She went to Nashville, and came back to Texas almost immediately because she hated the â€Å"pop† sound of music, and wanted to stay original, and straight up country. She’s a country-rock girl, with meat on her bones, a strong head on her shoulders, and doesn’t take shit from anyone, and will speak up if she has too. I mean, I don’t know the woman personally, but she sure comes off as this way, and it rocks! Oh and who wouldn’t be inspired by her! She is only engaged in my opinon, to the best man in country music, Blake Shelton! Ha Ha. Well, anyways, I saw her in concert a few months ago, and it was outstanding. I was so close, and as crazy as it seems, I think she made eye contact with me at one point! I sound so cheesy, but she is a real role model for me. She is so successful in life, and just acts herself at all times. â€Å"There are a million blonde chicks who can sing. Ive always wanted to be different. This quote, straight from Miranda’s mouth, has inspired me a lot. I know I cannot sing what so ever, and I’m not blonde, but I want to be different, and for the most part I am. I am my own person, and I hope I can continue to be true to myself, and not let anyone tell me otherwise. I’m not here to please anyone, or do what they want, I’m here to please myself, and do what I like, and what makes me happy. And Miranda is a great example of this. This is why Country Singer, Miranda Lambert inspires me.

Peer groups dominate adolescent life

Peer groups dominate adolescent life There is so much change in society today, however the fundamental tasks of growing up still exist. An adolescent seeks to find a place in a valued group to have a sense of belonging, to identify and master skills that are recognized of having value and earn the respect to cope with them, to acquire some self-worth and to develop relationships with others. Adolescents have an enormous amount of pressure today and seek a place of acceptance. Peer groups are a place where adolescents can find that sense of belonging, negatively or positively. We each know from experience how compelling peer groups are. It is almost impossible to go against a peer group, whose rules are to conform or you will be rejected. If one tends to sway they become an outsider or an outcast. For adolescent children who are just learning their way in the world, unsurprisingly they get sunk into peer group rules. For boys their athletic ability, coolness, and physical strength gain them popularity. In girls, as long as they had a beautiful physical appearance and an ability to attract popular boys they gain popularity. Oddly enough if a boy succeeds academically his popularity would decrease and if a girl made good grades that would increase her standing among her peers. Standards of peer groups dominate adolescent life. If your fellow peers listen to a certain genre of music, it is almost inevitable that you will also prefer that kind of music, It is the same for clothing styles, movies, video games and dating styles. Peers can influence you other ways as well, if your peers Adolescent Peer Groups 4 are going off to college and striving in the world, it is more than likely you will be also. However, if your peers are using drugs, drinking alcohol, lying, stealing, you are also likely to do so. At an early age, children become less dependent on their parents and caretakers. Children become self-reliant and begin to prefer playing with their friends. At first, play is a time of independence, however later children interact with one another, modify one anothers behavior and exchange roles in play. At the school age period of development social interactions begin to follow set patterns and become more frequent. They participate in games with more rules. The play is more then just entertainment but a way to mature in social interactions with others. Play allows children to think of others, their thoughts and feelings. Social interaction does allow children to interpret others behavior and how to respond to different situations. Children learn physical and emotion self control too. When a child losses at a game, for instance, they learn to avoid hitting their playmate. (McWhirter, Newman 2007) Social interactions are healthy. Situations that provide an opportunity for a child to grow socially may enhance their social development. Through the developmental childhood years and adolescence, peer groups play an important role. Parents have a crucial influence on whether a child plays a negative or positive role in peer groups. If a family is not close or unsupportive, a peer group will become of more importance. If a childs parents work long hours, and rarely see their child, this can cause the child to look for emotional Adolescent Peer Groups 5 support within a peer group. Also, if a child is constantly arguing with his parents, this may drive them away for emotional support. Children and adolescents show no discrimination when finding a peer group. As long as the child feels some sort of acceptance they will join a peer group, even if illegal and negative activity occur within the group. A common antisocial, organized peer group is a gang. Youths in gangs is not a new concept in the United States. Gangs have been present since the 1800s. In 1791 the city of Philadelphia had a problem with adolescents roaming and disrupting the city. New York City has acknowledged gang activity as early as 1825. (Focus Adolescent Services) Unfortunately, gangs will always be around or at least hard to eliminate. Gang involvement is full of youths who come from broken families due to alcohol or drugs, financial burdens and broken relationships. Gang affiliation is more important then anything else for the adolescent because the gang creates a family image taking away all feelings of abandonment and isolation. Being in a gang provides adolescents with acceptance and security which is not provided from home or other peer groups. There are signs that a teen has been introduced to a negative peer group. If the teen no longer spends time with his old friends and hangs out with a new group of friends. If there is a drop in his grades at school or even skips classes, if there is a change in appearance, mannerisms or the child seems withdrawn and secretive. Phone calls at odd times and if a teen wants to go places that was Adolescent Peer Groups 6 never an interest to him before could all be signs of having negative peer group membership. A parent should have non-judgmental talks, encourage other interests, show love and support and to get help if grades are dropping. A parent should not ignore the problem at all. Make sure a parent introduces himself to friends and parents and do not restrict the teen from seeing friends. Forbidding contact with other teens will only attract the teen to want to see them more often. Peer groups can have a positive effect on adolescents also. Positive peer relationships have an effect on a childs academic motivation and performance, emotional well-being and their overall state of mind. A positive peer group member has a less likelihood of being bullied or harassed. In such a peer group children will look out for one another and they simply do not participate in such behaviors that are verbally or physically abusive. There are key principles that can promote an adolescent to steer towards positive peer groups. Making sure a youth has leadership, attends and participates in positive youth activities. Civic involvement and engaging in every element of the community; school , church, and home. (Find Youth Info) Adults and adolescents can work together and frame our communities. Preventing an adolescent from joining negative peer groups and having more positive roles with peers can occur with some key environmental factors. Any youth program can integrate factors so our youth develop positive development skills. Structure, creating the opportunity where youth can engage Adolescent Peer Groups 7 in healthy relationships, creating a respectful environment to implement diversity and culture in activities, having opportunities to explore workforce and personal goal settings, and creating an environment where adolescents can have a sense of belonging are key factors. More importantly, programs should develop ways to involve parents in considering the above factors in programs. Society has created adolescence, it is a social invention. Adolescents create their own subcultures with distinctive apparel, hairstyles, and music. In this industrialized world, adolescents must make an identity for themselves. Being that society is a social creation, it is a contemporary society, not a biological age, that makes the adolescent years a time of turmoil. ( Henslin, 2003) Peer groups assist children in becoming healthy adults. Having a reduction in risk and an increase of resiliency along with positive relationships can create positivity in our youth. Parents and communities have the power to play an active, loving and supportive role in our youths lives to steer them in a positive direction into young adulthood. We as a society can join together to make adolescence a period of positivity instead of negativity. Adolescent Peer Groups 8

Sister Carrie :: essays research papers

In August of 1889, Carrie Meeber leaves her small town to find employment in the city of Chicago. Theodore Dreiser, the author of Sister Carrie, informs the reader that, "Self-interest with her was high, but not strong. It was nevertheless her guiding characteristic.". With her youth and innocence she hopes to seek employment so that she can get and buy all the nice things that she wants. Carrie does not have any idea how hard this is going to be. When she tries to find a job, she is scared. Carrie has no skills to offer an employer, no job experience, and her clothing was of poor quality. Chicago was a large city, but society at that time did not have many job opportunities for working women. The only jobs that Carrie could possibly get were in the factories that, paid low wages, had poor working conditions, and long hours. She knew that after she paid rent to her brother-in-law, she would have very little left to buy all the beautiful things that she longed for. When Carrie took the job at the shoe factory, she did not like the hard work and considered the other women who worked there to be common. When winter arrived, Carrie got sick and stayed home from work which caused her to lose her job. On the train to Chicago, Carrie had met a traveling salesman, Charlie H. Drouet. She is impressed by the way he talks and dresses. When they meet again, Drouet is aware of her beauty and innocence and he hopes to charm and seduce her. He "lends" Carrie money to buy nice winter clothes, treats her to fine meals, takes her to the theater, and shows her the sights of Chicago. Because Carrie is young and inexperienced in the world of men, she is not wise enough to understand where all Drouet's attention is leading toward. Although she senses that the money should be given back, her desire and longing for the good things in life are so powerful that she ignores her beliefs in what is right and wrong. Unable to find another job, Carries is forced to make a decision, returning to Wisconsin or letting Drouet keep her as his mistress. Choosing to remain with Drouet was an extraordinary decision. This went against everything society taught. It was unthinkable for any decent woman to live with a man without marriage.

Wordsworth: Tintern Abbey And Lyrical Ballads :: essays research papers

Born in 1770 at Cockermouth in the heart of the Lakes District in England. William Wordsworth grew up in a rustic society and his beautiful and ageless poetry often reflect this. Wordsworth’s mother died in 1778 and in 1779 he was sent to grammar school in Hawkshead. Wordsworth’s father died in 1783, leaving his uncles as guardians. They tried to guide him towards a career in law or in the church and he was accepted into Cambridge in 1787. Wordsworth was uninspired to work towards a career he had little interest in and subsequently his grades, which bordered on the average, reflected this. Before completing his final term of college Wordsworth went for a walking tour of Europe and finally received his degree in 1791 but had no direct plans for his future. He returned to France in 1791 and stayed a full year, during this time became an enthusiastic advocate of the French Revolution. Money concerns forced him to return to England and he was unable to return to France unt il 1802 due to war breaking out between the two countries. In 1795 two things happened that ultimately changed the course of Wordsworth’s life. In August of 1795 a young friend whom Wordsworth had been nursing died of tuberculosis and left him a grant of 900 pounds. His friend had hoped that with this money Wordsworth would be able to devote his life to poetry, and in August of 1795 Wordsworth met Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Over the next two years their friendship would grow and in 1797 William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy moved to Alfoxden House, which was only a few miles from Coleridge’s home. The creative partnership between these two young poets would eventuate in the first publishing of Lyrical Ballads. The publication of Lyrical Ballads represented a turning point for English poetry. It was released anonymously on October 4th, 1798 and the learned old guard of literary England was mostly unaware that a form of â€Å"literary revolution† had taken place. Previous ages had considered the aim of poetry to be used as a tool to change people’s behaviour or as a learning mechanism. Wordsworth launched the Romantic Era of poetry and paved the way for many of the romantic poets that came after him. John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley to name but two. Coleridge encouraged Wordsworth to write a preface to Lyrical Ballads. A preface that would explain the work contained within the collection.

Subsistence Agriculture

How is intensive subsistence agriculture distinguished from extensive subsistence cropping? Why, in your opinion, have such different land use forms developed in separate areas of the warm, moist tropics? Intensive agriculture is the primary subsistence pattern of large-scale, populous societies. It results in much more food being produced per acre compared to other subsistence patterns. Beginning about 5,000 years ago, the development of intensive farming methods became necessary as the human population grew in some major river valleys to levels beyond the carrying capacity of the environment using horticulture and pastoralism.The transition to intensive agriculture was originally made possible by water management systems and the domestication of large animals for pulling plows. This allowed farmers to get below the top soil to bring buried nutrients up to the surface. It also allowed farmers to maintain much larger fields of crops. Subsistence agriculture is performed by one family , typically. Enough food is generated for that one family to subsist or survive.This is different than agriculture practiced in western capitalist countries, wherein the product is economically profitable, and not just limited to an amount of food produced that allows one family to subsist. Humid tropic conditions are found over nearly 50 per cent of the tropical land mass and 20 per cent of the earth's total land surface an area of about 3 billion hectares. Tropical Central and South America contain about 45 per cent of the world's humid tropics, Africa about 30 percent, and Asia about 25 per cent.As many as 62 countries are located partly or entirely within the humid tropics. Agricultural systems and techniques that have evolved from ancient times to meet the special environmental conditions of the humid tropics include the paddy rice of South-East Asia, terrace, mound, and drained field systems, raised bed systems (such as the chinampas of Mexico and Central America), and a varie ty of agroforestry, shifting cultivation, home garden, and natural forest systems.These systems share common elements, such as high retention of essential nutrients, maintenance of vegetative cover, high diversity of crops and crop varieties, complex spatial and temporal cropping patterns, and the integration of domestic and wild animals into the system. Changes and land transformation in the tropics are occurring at a much faster rate; in some cases, areas are completely transformed and often degraded beyond economically feasible restoration within one generation.Many of the traditional and ancient systems have been deeply modified or abandoned owing to economic, cultural, and social pressures. Question #2 What economic or ecological problems can you cite that do or might affect the gathering industries of forestry and fishing in North America? What is the maximum sustainable yield? Is that concept related to the problems you discerned? The agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector s are the cornerstone of industries that produce and market food, fiber, and fuel.Collectively, the three sectors make up a huge component of the U. S. economy and are a major employer in the United States. Annually, these industries generate more than $1 trillion and create exports exceeding $68 billion. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that more than 5. 5 million workers are employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. These sectors also consistently rank in the top six most hazardous occupations; fishermen and loggers have the highest fatality rates.Collectively, the three sectors consistently have the highest injury and fatality rates of any U. S. industries, so the overall effect on the safety and health of exposed populations in agricultural, forestry, and fishing worksites is enormous. In population ecology and economics, the maximum sustainable yield or MSY is, theoretically, the largest catch that can be taken from a fishery sto ck over an indefinite period. Under the assumption of logistic growth, the MSY will be exactly at half the carrying capacity of a species, as this is the stage at when population growth is highest.The maximum sustainable yield is usually higher than the optimum sustainable yield. This logistic model of growth is produced by a population introduced to a new habitat or with very poor numbers going through a lag phase of slow growth at first. Once it reaches a foothold population it will go through a rapid growth rate that will start to level off once the species approaches carrying capacity. The idea of maximum sustained yield is to decrease population density to the point of highest growth rate possible.This changes the number of the population, but the new number can be maintained indefinitely, ideally. MSY is extensively used for fisheries management. MSY in most modern fisheries models occurs at around 30% of the unexploited population size. This fraction differs among populations depending on the life history of the species and the age-specific selectivity of the fishing method. However, the approach has been widely criticized as ignoring several key factors involved in fisheries management and has led to the devastating collapse of many fisheries.As a simple calculation, it ignores the size and age of the animal being taken, its reproductive status, and it focuses solely on the species in question, ignoring the damage to the ecosystem caused by the designated level of exploitation and the issue of by catch. Question #3 How, in your opinion, do the concepts or practices of comparative advantage and outsources affect the industrial structure of advanced and developing countries? In economics, the theory of comparative advantage refers to the ability of a person or a country to produce a particular good or service at a lower marginal and opportunity cost over another.Even if one country is more efficient in the production of all goods than the other, both cou ntries will still gain by trading with each other, as long as they have different relative efficiencies. The outsourcing of U. S. jobs overseas is part of an economic movement that promises a better life — indeed, a new beginning — for many people in developing countries. It gives technologically savvy young people in countries like India livelihoods that move them into the ranks of the middle class. On the other hand, workers in industrialized nations are being displaced in large numbers.Comparably well-paying jobs are not being created fast enough to make up for the positions headed offshore. Outsourcing has gained notoriety in recent months because of the accelerating volume of job transfers overseas and the sudden vulnerability of high-tech and service occupations that were once thought immune to trade displacement. Services that used to be nontradable (back-office operations, call centers, data management and accounting sectors) have now been made fully tradable b ecause of advances in communications and computational technologies.Location is increasingly insignificant in the provision of these services. Moreover, the ready availability of large pools of technically capable and computer-savvy workers overseas has eroded what traditionally had been considered the distinct preserve of the U. S. and other developed countries: sophisticated, high-end technologies. Developed countries, too, have been major beneficiaries, since their comparative advantage lies in the trade of manufactures, services, intellectual property and capital. Industrialized countries have been vocal in promoting trade openness in these areas and have fiercely defended the need to respect and enforce intellectual property rights (e. g. , pharmaceutical patents and software).There are, of course, adjustment costs that accompany trade, since segments of local populations are hurt by open markets. Despite these costs, poor countries have subscribed to international trade rules and have slowly but steadily opened their markets in those economic sectors (especially manufactures and services) where industrialized countries have much to gain.Having reaped enormous profits from free trade in those areas where they enjoy a distinct comparative advantage, developed countries violate procedural justice whenever they curtail or suppress the liberalization of markets in which they have a comparative disadvantage. This is exactly what the European Union, Japan and the U. S. have done in food markets, making poor countries unable fully to reap the gains of their comparative advantage (agricultural crops). The industrialized nations have steadfastly refused to open up trade in farm goods in an effort to protect farmers from being displaced by global trade. Works Cited:* Jorge, Niosi & Majlinda, Zhequ. â€Å"Aerospace Clusters: Local or Global Knowledge Spillovers? † March 2005. . * Virgin, Bill. â€Å"Global Economy Complicates Outsourcing. † Seattlepi. com. 24 January 2006. . * Lee, Dwight R. â€Å"Comparative Advantage Continued† The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty – October 1999. http://www. fee. org/publications/the-freeman/article. asp? aid=4962. * Wikipedia.